Fig. 4.

Detection of activated astrocytes by GFAP immunoreactivity. A Compared with non-glaucomatous donors, upregulation of GFAP was detected in glaucomatous peripheral retina and ONH. Arrows indicate representative GFAP immunoreactivity. Asterisks on the bottom panel highlight the region of the ONH quantified in Fig. 4B. B Scatter dot plot represents the individual values of reactive astrocytes (GFAP + cells) for non-glaucomatous (retina, n = 16; ONH, n = 16) and glaucomatous donor tissues (retina, n = 21; ONH, n = 19) assessed by histology. Quantitative analysis showed that GFAP was significantly upregulated in the temporal peripheral retina (64%) and optic nerve head (80.6%) of glaucoma donors. Horizontal bars indicate mean ± standard deviation. **p < 0.01, unpaired t-test