Table 1.

Methods of decellularization for fish tissues

Methods		Mechanism	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Physical	Freeze-thaw cycle Immersion and agitation Electrophoresis	Form intracellular ice crystals, disrupt cellular membrane Improve mass transfer of decellularization solution Improve cell membrane permeability	Maintain ECM protein Convenient-Low toxicity	Inadequate decellularization efficiency Damage the ultrastructure of ECM High temperature	[25, 32, 41, 68–72] [22, 25, 32, 33, 35, 41, 42, 44, 46, 68, 73–81] [69]
Chemical	Ionic and non-ionic detergents	Solubilize cell and nucleic membranes, denature proteins Disrupt ECM structure and remove desirable biological molecules (e.g. GAG, growth factors, etc.)	Highly effectively remove cellular components	Damage ECM structure integrity Reducing specific components and bioactivity of ECM High toxicity of residual detergent	[22, 28, 32, 33, 35, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 68, 70, 71, 73–75, 78–89]
	Acid and base	Solubilize cytoplasmic components of cells Degrade genetic material Denature protein	Effectively remove cellular and nuclear components	Reduce some growth factors and decrease the bioactivity of ECM Damage ECM structure and reduce GAGs	[22, 32, 41, 73]
Enzymatic	Nuclease Dispase and trypsin	Catalyze the hydrolysis of RNA and DNA Cleavage of various peptide bonds	Precisely remove cellular components	Long processing time Damage the ECM structure Promote immune response	[33, 42, 44, 46, 69, 72, 87, 89] [33] [32, 35, 68, 70, 84, 88]