TABLE 1.

Improved properties of gastrodin drug delivery system and physical enhancement methods.

Delivery system	Improved properties	Refs.
Gold nanoparticles	Improved bioavailability; reduced cytotoxicity; facilitated cellular uptake; prolonged persistence in the blood circulation	Huang et al. (2022)
PU porous film	Improved hydrophilicity; excellent biocompatibility; maintains cells with more neurite extension concomitantly	Li et al. (2020)
Solid dispersions	Improved bioavailability; reduced stomach irritation; improved and maintained brain targeting	Cai et al. (2014)
In situ gelling systems	Improved bioavailability; enhanced analgesic and sedative effects	Cai et al. (2011)
Focused ultrasound	Increased permeability of blood-brain barrier; increased drug uptake; improved brain targeting	Wang et al. (2022), Luo et al. (2022), Wang et al. (2021)
Focused shockwave	Improved brain targeting; increased and prolonged circulation of drugs in the cerebrospinal fluid	Kung et al. (2021)

Refs., references; PU, Polyurethane.