TABLE 2.

Gastrodin drug delivery system and physical enhancement methods studied in preclinical acute neurological disorders.

Delivery system	Disease	Experimental model	Targets	Main results	Refs
Gold nanoparticles	CIRI	In vivo: SD rats	In vivo and In vitro: NA	In vivo and in vitro: decreased the apoptosis rate and improved the therapeutic effects of GAS on CIRI.	Huang et al. (2022)
		In vitro: astrocytes/hypo-thalamic neurons
PU porous film	PNI	In vitro: PC12 cells	In vitro: BDNF, GDNF↑	In vitro: promoted the regeneration, proliferation, and differentiation of nerve cells	Li et al. (2020)
Focused ultrasound	AD	In vivo: Kunming mice	In vivo: AQP4, BDNF, SYN, PSD-95↑	In vivo: alleviated memory deficit and neuropathology of the AD-like mouse model	Luo et al. (2022)
			Aβ, tau, p-tau↓
Focused ultrasound	PD	In vivo: C57BL/6J mice	In vivo: TH, DAT, Bcl-2, BDNF, SYN, PSD-95↑	In vivo: strengthened the protective effect of GAS on dopaminergic neurons through reinforcing the anti-apoptotic activity and the expression of synaptic-related proteins	Wang et al. (2022)
			caspase-3↓
Focused shockwave	Epilepsy	In vivo: SD rats	In vivo: SOD, CAT, GSH, T-AOC↑	In vivo: epileptiform discharges, inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were reduced	Kung et al. (2021)
			IL-1β, MDA↓

Refs., references; CIRI, cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury; NA, not applicable; GAS, gastrodin; PU, polyurethane; PNI, peripheral nerve injury; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GDNF, glial cell derived neurotrophic factor; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; AQP4, aquaporin-4; SYN, synaptophysin; PSD-95, postsynaptic density protein 95; Aβ, beta-amyloid; tau, tubulin associated unit; p-tau, phosphorylated tau; PD, Parkinson’s disease; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase; DAT, dopamine transporter; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; GSH, glutathione; T-AOC, total antioxidant capacity; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; MDA, malondialdehyde.