TABLE 5.
Summary of the targets/pathways/mechanisms and effects of gastrodin on epileptic neurological disorder.
| Disease | Inducer | Experimental model | Dose | Targets/mechanisms | Effects | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epilepsy | In vivo: PTZ (5 mM) | In vivo: Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | In vivo: 600, 800, 1,000 μM | In vivo: mRNA expression of c-fos, Keap1↓ | Inhibits ROS generation and enhances the antioxidant defense system, and increases SOD and CAT activities | Jin et al. (2018) |
| mRNA expression of Mn-sod, Cu/Zn-sod, CAT, Gpx1a, Nrf2↑ | ||||||
| content of ROS, MDA↓ | ||||||
| activities of SOD, CAT↑ | ||||||
| Epilepsy | In vivo: PTZ (90 mg/kg) | In vivo: C57BL/6 mice | In vivo: 50, 100, 200 mg/kg | In vivo: IL-1β, TNF-α, p-ERK1/2, p-JNK, p-p38, CREB, IκB-α↓ | Reduces neuroinflammation and abnormal synchronous discharges by inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway and IκB-α and CREB phosphorylation | Chen et al. (2017) |
| IL-10, p-MKP-1↑ | ||||||
| Epilepsy | In vivo:LC (3 mEq/kg), Pamine (25 mg/kg) | In vivo: SD rats | In vivo: 50 mg/kg (i.p. injection) | In vivo: GABAA receptor α1↑ | Alleviates seizure severity and neuronal excitability by enhancing the transmission of GABAA receptors | Yang et al. (2021) |
| Migraine | In vivo: NA | In vivo: SD rats | In vivo: 30, 100 mg/kg (i.v.) | In vivo: NA | Inhibits nociceptive dural-evoked neuronal firing in the trigeminocervical complex | Zhao et al. (2018) |
| Migraine | In vivo: NTG (10 mg/kg) | In vivo: C57BL/6 mice | In vivo: 200 mg/kg (i.p. injection) | In vivo: ROS, HIF-1α↓ | Inhibits TRPM2-dependent Ca2+ inward flow by attenuating succinate accumulation and HIF-1α-associated transcriptional regulation, and thereby alleviation of trigeminal neuron cell death and neurotoxicity | Ma et al. (2024) |
| mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α↓ | ||||||
| mRNA and protein expression of Trpm2↓ | ||||||
| succinate, Ca2+ influx↓ |
PTZ, pentylenetetrazole; Keap1, kelch like ECH-associated protein 1; Mn-sod, manganese superoxide dismutase; Cu/Zn-sod, copper/zinc superoxide dis mutase; CAT, catalase; Gpx1a, glutathione peroxidase 1a; Nrf2, nuclear erythroid factor 2-related factor 2; ROS, reactive oxygen species; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, super oxide dismutase; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; ERK1/2, extracellular regulated kinase 1/2; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinases; CREB, cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element binding protein; IκB-α, inhibitor of kappa B-α; MKP-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1; LC, methyl scopolamine; Pamine, methylscopolamine; SD, Sprague-Dawley; GABAA, γ-aminobutyric acid A; NA, not applicable; NTG, nitroglycerin; HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor-1α; Trpm 2, transient receptor potential melastatin 2.