TABLE 6.
Summary of the targets/pathways/mechanisms and effects of gastrodin on peripheral nerve injury, traumatic brain injury, and hypoxic-ischemic brain damage.
| Disease | Inducer | Experimental model | Dose | Targets/mechanisms | Effects | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PNI | In vivo: NA | In vivo: SD rats | In vivo: 20 mg/kg (i.p. injection) | In vivo: SOD, CAT, GSH↑ | Alleviates the oxidative stress of SCs and accelerates the axonal growth, myelination, and functional recovery of peripheral nerve after PNI via miR-497/BDNF pathway | Yongguang et al. (2022) |
| content of MDA↓ | ||||||
| mRNA and protein expression of BDNF↑, miR-497↓ | ||||||
| In vitro: NA | In vitro: RSC96, HEK293T cells | In vitro: 200 μg/mL | In vitro: SOD, CAT, GSH↑ | |||
| content of MDA↓ | ||||||
| PNI | In vitro: NA | In vitro: RSC96 SC cells | In vitro: 0, 50, 100, 200 μM | In vitro: mRNA expression of GDNF, BDNF, CNTF↑ | Affects SC metabolism through the activation of the PI3K pathway and inhibition of the MAPK pathway | Zuo et al. (2016) |
| protein expression of p-Akt↑, p-ERK1/2↓ | ||||||
| TBI | In vivo: NA | In vivo: SD rats | In vivo: 50, 100 mg/kg | In vivo: protein expression of Bcl-2, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO-1, SOD, GSH-px, CAT↑ | Activates the Nrf2 signaling pathway, increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes to enhance antioxidant capacity | Wang and Dong (2021) |
| Bax, cleaved-caspase-3, MDA↓ | ||||||
| TBI | In vivo: NA | In vivo: NA | In vivo: 15, 30, 60 mg/kg (i.p. injection) | In vivo: TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, GSDMD, caspase-1, caspase-11, NLRP3, ASC↓ | Attenuates neurological injury in TBI rats by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway and decreasing the level of pyroptosis | Yang et al. (2022) |
| HIBD | In vitro: NA | In vivo: SD rats | In vivo: 100 mg/kg (i.p. injection) | In vivo: Notch-1, NICD, Hes-1, RBP-JK↓ | Inhibits overactivated microglial cells to reduce neuroinflammation by decreasing the expression of key components of the Notch signaling pathway | Guo et al. (2021) |
| Sirt3↑ | ||||||
| In vitro: LPS (1 μg/mL) | In vitro: BV-2 cells | In vitro: 0.17 mM, 0.34 mM | In vitro: Notch-1, NICD, Hes-1, RBP-JK, iNOS, TNF-α↓ | |||
| Sirt3↑ | ||||||
| HIBD | In vivo: NA | In vivo: C57BL/6J mice | In vivo: 300 mg/kg (i.p. injection) | In vivo: P-PI3K, P-AKT, TGF-β1, Arg-1, CD206↑ | Reduces activated microglia apoptosis through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway | Zuo et al. (2023) |
| TNF-α, Bax/Bcl-2, CD16/32↓ | ||||||
| In vitro: LPS (1 μg/mL) | In vitro: BV-2 cells | In vitro: 0.17mM, 0.34 mM | In vitro: TGF-β1, Arg-1, CD206, IL-10, P-FOXO3a, P-PI3K, P-AKT↑ | |||
| TNF-α, Bax/Bcl-2, CD16/32, ROS↓ | ||||||
| HIBD | In vitro: NA | In vitro: TNC1 cells | In vitro: 0.17, 0.34, 0.51, 0.68, 0.85, 1.02 mM | In vitro: IGF-1, BDNF, Sirt3↑ | Inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory factors and promotes the expression of neurotrophic factors | Zhang et al. (2021) |
| TNF-α, IL-1β, Notch-1, NICD, Hes-1, RBP-JK↓ |
PNI, peripheral nerve injury; NA, not applicable; SD, Sprague-Dawley; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; GSH, glutathione; MDA, malondialdehyde; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GDNF, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor; CNTF, ciliary neurotrophic factor; AKT, protein kinase B; TBI, traumatic brain injury; ERK, extracellular regulated kinase; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma-2; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; NQO-1, NAD (P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1; GSH, glutathione; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; GSDMD, Gasdermin D; NLRP, nod-like receptor protein; ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; HIBD, hypoxic-ischemic brain damage; NICD, notch intracellular domain; Hes-1, Transcription factor hairy and enhancer of split-1; RBP-JK, recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless; Sirt3, Sirtuin 3; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate 3-kinase; TGF, transforming growth factor; Arg-1, arginase-1; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1.