TABLE 7.
Summary of the targets/pathways/mechanisms and effects of gastrodin on depression and nervous system tumors.
| Disease | Inducer | Experimental model | Dose | Targets/mechanisms | Effects | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | In vivo: NA | In vivo: C57BL/6J mice | In vivo: 10, 20 mg/kg | In vivo: NE, 5-HT, DA, Bcl-2↑ | Improves depression-like behaviors and nerve cell injury by inhibiting Caspase-3-mediated apoptosis | Pei et al. (2024) |
| Caspase-3, Bax↓ | ||||||
| Depression | In vivo: NA | In vivo: SD rats | In vivo: 100 mg/kg (i.g.) | In vivo: 5-HT 1A receptor, CRMP2, PFN1↑ | Regulates the expression of cytoskeleton remodeling-related protein in the Slit-Robo pathway and promotes hippocampal neuronal cell plasticity | Chen et al. (2016) |
| Slit1, RhoA↓ | ||||||
| In vitro: NA | In vitro: Hs 683 cells | In vitro: 50, 100, 100 μM | In vitro: Slit1↓ | |||
| Depression | In vivo: NA | In vivo: SD rats | In vivo: 50, 100, 200 mg/kg (i.p.) | In vivo: GFAP, BDNF↑ | Protects astrocytes and promotes the expression of BDNF through activating ERK1/2 | Zhang et al. (2014) |
| In vitro: NA | In vitro: hippocampal astrocytes | In vitro: 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 μg/mL | In vitro: BDNF, p-ERK1/2↑ | |||
| Depression | In vivo: NA | In vivo: SD rats | In vivo: 50, 100, 200 mg/kg (i.p.) | In vivo: p-IκB, NF-κB, IL-1β↓ | Alleviates depressive-like behavior by protecting the hippocampal neural stem cells from the damage of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β | Wang et al. (2014) |
| In vitro: NA | In vitro: hippocampal NSC cells | In vitro: 5, 10, 20, 50 μg/mL | In vitro: IL-1β↓ | |||
| The ratio of BrdU+/PI+ cells, BrdU+/PI+↑ | ||||||
| Depression | In vivo: LPS 0.25 mg/kg/d | In vivo: C57BL/6 mice | In vivo: 25, 50, 100 mg/kg/d (i.p.) | In vivo and In vitro: mRNA and protein expression of Nrf2, p-Nrf2↑ | Attenuates neuroinflammation in LPS-induced depressed rats by promoting an Arg-1+ microglia phenotype through the Nrf2 pathway | Zhang et al. (2023) |
| In vitro: LPS 5 μg/mL | In vitro: Primary microglia | In vitro: 25, 50, 100 μM | mRNA expression of Arg-1, IL-10↑ | |||
| mRNA expression of iNOS, CD11b, CD86, NLRP3, IL-1β, IL-6↓ | ||||||
| Nervous system tumors | In vivo: NA | In vivo: BALB/c nude mice T98 cells | In vivo: 40 mg/kg | In vivo: HOXD10, ACSL4↑ | Induces the occurrence of glioma ferroptosis by up-regulating HOXD10 and ACSL4 and down-regulating KI67 and PCNA proteins | Cao et al. (2023) |
| KI67, PCNA↓ | ||||||
| In vitro: NA | In vitro: HT22, C6, LO2, HK2, HPDE, NHA, U251, T98, LN229 and PC12 cells | In vitro: 0, 5, 10, 20 μM | In vitro: proliferation of the glioma cells↓ | |||
| mRNA and protein expression of HOXD10↑ | ||||||
| ROS, iron, MDA↑ | ||||||
| GPX, GSH↓ | ||||||
| Nervous system tumors | In vivo: NA | In vivo: NOD-NCG mice | In vivo: NA | In vivo: NA | Upregulates the expression of SIP1, enhances the ability of CAR11-3 migrating to the homing bone marrow, and crosses the blood–brain barrier to the brain to fight against tumors | Huang et al. (2023) |
| In vitro: NA | In vitro: U87 cells, NT, and CAR-T cells | In vitro: NA | In vitro: mRNA expression of gng8, add2↑ | |||
| release of IFN-γ↑ | ||||||
| percent of perforin, CD107a↓ | ||||||
| mRNA and protein expression of S1P1↑ | ||||||
| Nervous system tumors | In vitro: NA | In vitro: SH-SY5Y cells | In vitro: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 mM | In vitro: cell viability↑ | Exhibits an anti-autophagic effect to inhibit the METH-induced Beclin-1 protein expression via the AKT/mTOR pathway | Yang et al. (2019) |
| LC3B, Beclin-1, mTOR, p-mTOR, AKT, p-AKT↓ |
NE, noradrenaline; 5-HT, serotonin; DA, dopamine; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma-2; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein; CRMP, 2, dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2; PFN1, profilin 1; RhoA, Ras homologous member A; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; ERK, 1/2, extracellular regulated kinase 1/2; IκB, inhibitor of kappaB; IL, interleukin; Nrf2, nuclear erythroid factor 2-related factor 2; Arg-1, arginase-1; HOXD10, Homeobox D10; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; NLRP3,nod-like receptor protein; ACSL4, acyl-CoA, synthetase-4; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, glutathione; gng8, Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein) gamma 8; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; S1P1, Sphingosine1-phosphate1; LC3B, light chain 3B; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; AKT, protein kinase B.