Table 2.

Questionnaire items.

Constructs	Items	Literature
Streamer type	To what extent do you believe that the streamer is a real person (or a virtual streamer)?	Zhou et al. (2024), Wang K. et al. (2023), and Wang C. et al. (2023)
Affectionate nicknames	I feel that this term carries an emotional connotation of affection and closeness, and conveys an effort to build closer interpersonal relationships.	Wang (2022)
Streamer attitude	I think watching this streamer’s live stream is a good choice.	Bhattacherjee and Sanford (2006)
	I think watching this streamer is enjoyable.
	I think watching this streamer’s live stream feels good.
Psychological closeness	I feel very close to this streamer.	Gino and Galinsky (2012)
	I feel a close relationship with this streamer.
	My unfamiliarity with this streamer has decreased.