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. 2025 Jan 6;15:983. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-83211-y

Table 10.

Uncertainty values of parameters.

Parameters % Uncertainty
Speed 0.2
Load 0.52
Brake power 0.36
Brake specific fuel consumption 0.4
Brake thermal efficiency 0.34
Fuel flow rate 0.68
Air flow rate 0.58
Carbon monoxide 0.2
Oxides of nitrogen 0.3
Hydrocarbon 0.5
Smoke opacity 0.9