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. 2025 Jan 6;15:983. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-83211-y

Table 12.

Root mean square error (RMSE) values for the LSTM model.

Fuel/parameter BTE BSFC HC CO NOx Smoke opacity
D100 0.0632 0.01736 0.5234 0.0143 6.3215 0.1304
DBOP 0.02872 6.00412 0.1642 0.0173 6.7432 0.1835
DBOPN-HCC 0.25983 0.01376 0.1082 0.01918 8.0423 0.1202
DBOPN-TCC 0.02981 0.01683 0.1932 0.01326 10.546 0.1504
DBOPN-SDCC 0.01863 0.02345 0.2962 0.0075 11.236 0.0986
DBOPN-TRCC 0.07432 0.00242 0.3214 0.0072 13.2695 0.0278