Table 1. Changes of apoptosis and autophagy before and after the treatment of ED.
| Journal (year) | Author/reference | Research object (model and cell type) | Model vs. control (result of apoptosis and autophagy) | Treatment methods | Treatment vs. model (result of apoptosis and autophagy) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asian J Androl (2013) | Zhang et al [60] | DM (CCSMC) | Growth decreasing and autophagy increasing | icariside II | Growth increasing and autophagy decrease |
| J Sex Med (2018) | Lin et al [4] | DM (total cells of CC) | Apoptosis increasing and autophagy increasing | Rapamycin | Apoptosis decreasing and autophagy increasing |
| Stem Cells Int (2018) | Zhu et al [58] | DM (CCSMC) | Growth decreasing and autophagy decreasing | Mesenchymal stem cell and low-energy shock waves | Growth increasing and autophagy increasing |
| Stem Cells Int (2019) | Zhang et al [49] | DM (CCEC) | Apoptosis increasing and autophagy decreasing | Human urine-derived stem cells | Apoptosis decreasing and autophagy increasing |
| Transl Androl Urol (2020) | Zhang et al [61] | DM (CCSMC) | Mitochondrial autophagy increasing | Icariside II and metformin | Mitochondrial autophagy decreasing |
| Andrology (2020) | Ding et al [55] | DM (CCSMC) | Autophagy increasing | Simvastatin | Autophagy increasing |
| Sex Med (2020) | Zhang et al [59] | DM (CCSMC) | Autophagy increasing | Icariside II and metformin | Autophagy decreasing |
| Front Pharmacol (2020) | Yuan et al [56] | DM (CCSMC) | Autophagy increasing | Liraglutide | Autophagy increasing |
| J Sex Med (2021) | Zhou et al [57] | DM (CCSMC) | Apoptosis increasing and autophagy increasing | NOX1/4 inhibitor GKT-137831 | Apoptosis decreasing and autophagy decreasing |
| Asian J Androl (2021) | Wu et al [6] | CNI (CCSMC) | Apoptosis increasing and autophagy decreasing | Vacuum erectile device | Apoptosis decreasing and autophagy increasing |
| Andrologia (2021) | Ye et al [48] | CNI (total cells of CC) | Apoptosis increasing and autophagy increasing | Salidroside | Apoptosis decreasing and autophagy ncreasing |
| Int Urol Nephrol (2015) | Wang et al [5] | Castration (CCSMC) | Apoptosis increasing and autophagy decreasing | Testosterone supplementation | Apoptosis decreasing and autophagy increasing |
| Andrologia (2017) | Li et al [3] | Hyperlipidemia (total cells of CC) | Apoptosis increasing and autophagy decreasing | NA | NA |
| Asian J Androl (2010) | Zhang et al [62] | Aging (CCSMC) | Autophagy decreasing | Tankyrase 1 | Growth increasing and autophagy increasing |
| Andrology (2018) | Tang et al [7] | Aging (CCSMC) | Autophagy decreasing | Human tissue kallikrein 1 | Autophagy increasing |
ED: erectile dysfunction, DM: diabetes mellitus, CCSMC: corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cell, CC: corpus cavernosum, CCEC: corpus cavernosum endothelial cell, CNI: cavernosum nerve injury, NA: not available.