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. 2025 Jan 7;11:2. doi: 10.1038/s41421-024-00742-4

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Metastasis status in intestinal-type (left column, yellow) and pancreatobiliary-type (right column, blue) (Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.0025). b The diagram illustrated the selection process of frequently occurred cis effect in the pancreatobiliary-type. c ANO1 amplification status in intestinal-type (left column, yellow) and pancreatobiliary-type (right column, blue) (Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.018). d The forest plot indicated the hazard ratios of metastasis status and ANO1 amplification. e Boxplot exhibited the H-score of ANO1 IHC images in the intestinal-type and pancreatobiliary-type samples (Student’s t-test, p < 0.0001). f Spearman correlation of ANO1 protein abundance and GSVA score (Spearman’s correlation). g Spearman correlation of ANO1 protein abundance and gene in tight junction pathway (Spearman’s correlation). h Boxplot illustrated PRKCI protein expression among intestinal-type (yellow) and pancreatobiliary-type (blue) (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, p < 1e−4). i IHC staining illustrated PRKCI was highly expressed in the pancreatobiliary-type sample compared to the intestinal-type sample (Scale bar = 100 μm). j Boxplot exhibited the H-score of PRKCI IHC images in the intestinal-type and pancreatobiliary-type samples (Student’s t-test, p < 0.0001). k The Kaplan–Meier curve for overall survival based on the ANO1 protein expression (log-rank test, p = 0.035). l GO pathways enriched by proteins interact with ANO1. m Spearman correlation of PRKCI protein abundance and PRKCI kinase activity (Spearman’s r = 0.26, p = 0.042). n Boxplot illustrated PRKCI kinase activity among intestinal-type (yellow) and pancreatobiliary-type (blue) (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, p = 0.042). o Spearman correlation of PRKCI kinase activity and the substrates of PRKCI (Spearman correlation). p Heatmap illustrated the PRKCI kinase activity and the abundance of substrates of PRKCI. q Transwell assay illustrated that OE-ANO1 groups in SUN-478 had enhanced migration ability compared with the control groups. The bar plots indicated the migrated cell counts of SNU-478 cells under different treatments (Student’s t-test). r Transwell assay illustrated that OE-ANO1 groups in SUN-869 had enhanced migration ability compared with the control groups. The bar plots indicated the migrated cell counts of SNU-478 cells under different treatments (Student’s t-test). s Transwell assay illustrated that OE-ANO1 groups in SUN-478 had enhanced migration ability compared with the control groups. The bar plots indicated the migrated cell counts of SNU-478 cells under different treatments (Student’s t-test). t Transwell assay illustrated that OE-ANO1 groups in SUN-869 had enhanced migration ability compared with the control groups. The bar plots indicated the migrated cell counts of SNU-478 cells under different treatments (Student’s t test).