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. 2025 Jan 6;15:988. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-78862-w

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Accuracy of the imec’s CIGS energy yield model to simulate the integrated setup. (a) Simulated power profile of IM1 compared with its measured power profile for five consecutive days. The black line represents the measured power profile while the blue line represents the power profile simulated without accounting for horizon shading in the built environment. The pink line represents the power profile simulated by accounting for horizon shading. (b) Simulated capacity factor plotted against the measured capacity factor for IM1 showcasing the effect of horizon correction. The inset table quantifies the improved accuracy with error metrics. (c) Simulated capacity factor plotted against the measured capacity factor for IM1 and IM2 depicting the accuracy of the energy yield model. The inset table quantifies the accuracy using the error metrics.