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. 2025 Jan 6;15:988. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-78862-w

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Simulated energy yield for c-Si, CIGS modules in different system configuration at Belgium and Kuwait climatic conditions. Panels in the bottom row show the energy yield simulated for integrated and rack-mounted setups for Belgium and Kuwait. The table above the bottom panel specifies the effective insolation (kWh/m²/year) for each scenario (font in pink). The respective top row panels show the difference in yield with respect to monofacial c-Si module.