Table 2. Baseline Characteristics.
| Characteristics | VR (n=19) | TAU (n=19) | Healthy control (n=19) | F | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, women/men | 14/5 | 18/1 | 14/5 | - | 0.165 |
| Age, mean (SD, range) | 28.00 (7.11, 20–42) | 27.05 (6.92, 19–44) | 28.58 (8.25, 19–47) | 0.203 | 0.817 |
| Mean education years (SD) | 14.21 (2.49) | 13.79 (2.20) | 14.95 (1.93) | 1.329 | 0.273 |
| Depression diagnosis history (Y/N) | 9/10 | 12/7 | 0/19 | - | 0.515 |
| Duration of illness (depression) | 2.26 (3.21) | 2.06 (3.48) | 0 (0) | 0.033 | 0.857 |
| IQ | 100.32 (11.08) | 96.63 (7.69) | 102.63 (11.36) | 1.679 | <0.001* |
| PHQ-9 | 18.42 (4.66) | 17.47 (5.34) | 3.68 (3.71) | 60.623 | <0.001* |
| MINI-C | 6.16 (1.92) | 5.68 (2.11) | 0.42 (1.61) | 53.828 | <0.001* |
| GAD-7 | 13.68 (4.67) | 12.11 (4.63) | 1.83 (1.58) | 49.039 | <0.001* |
| PSS | 27.89 (5.17) | 28.58 (4.94) | 13.89 (6.10) | 44.314 | <0.001* |
| K-QIDS-C | 17.89 (4.12) | 18.00 (4.23) | 3.74 (5.31) | 60.826 | <0.001* |
| HAM-D | 15.95 (3.29) | 16.11 (2.90) | 3.68 (3.89) | 84.193 | <0.001* |
| CGI-S | 3.74 (0.65) | 3.84 (0.69) | 1.37 (0.76) | 75.379 | <0.001* |
VR, virtual reality; TAU, treatment as usual; IQ, intelligence quotient; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; MINI-C, Module C of the Korean version of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; K-QIDS-C, Korean version of Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology–Clinician-rated; HAM-D, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; CGI-S, Clinical Global Impression-Severity; ANOVA, analysis of variance.
Data are expressed as the mean (SD, range) or mean (SD). F and p values are from one-way ANOVA.
*p<0.001.