Table 3. Repeated Measure ANOVA Results.
| Outcome | Group | Baseline | T3 | T6 | FU | Time | Time × Group | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | p value | ηp2 | F | p value | ηp2 | |||||||||||
| Primary outcomes | ||||||||||||||||
| K-QIDS-C | VR | 18.18 (3.97) | 11.41 (4.74) | 9.94 (5.60) | 9.47 (6.40) | 33.375 | <0.001 | 0.553 | 0.107 | 0.746 | 0.004 | |||||
| TAU | 18.50 (3.50) | 11.50 (4.50) | 8.67 (4.74) | 8.50 (6.13) | ||||||||||||
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||||||||||||
| MINI-C | VR | 6.18 (2.01) | - | 5.12 (4.91) | 2.82 (3.49) | 0.931 | 0.407 | 0.067 | 0.688 | 0.414 | 0.025 | |||||
| TAU | 6.08 (2.15) | - | 5.50 (5.20) | 6.17 (9.75) | ||||||||||||
| PHQ-9 | VR | 17.94 (4.42) | 13.24 (5.57) | 11.65 (6.83) | 10.35 (7.22) | 13.994 | <0.001 | 0.627 | 0.082 | 0.777 | 0.003 | |||||
| TAU | 17.33 (5.38) | 13.00 (5.19) | 10.50 (6.67) | 10.25 (6.92) | ||||||||||||
| GAD-7 | VR | 13.53 (4.45) | 10.24 (4.71) | 8.53 (5.57) | 7.94 (5.23) | 12.533 | <0.001 | 0.601 | 0.568 | 0.457 | 0.021 | |||||
| TAU | 11.83 (4.41) | 8.42 (4.94) | 6.50 (5.45) | 8.67 (5.91) | ||||||||||||
| PSS | VR | 28.12 (4.14) | 25.06 (5.54) | 23.47 (6.40) | 21.29 (7.87) | 9.909 | <0.001 | 0.543 | 0.043 | 0.838 | 0.002 | |||||
| TAU | 28.75 (5.07) | 25.17 (5.17) | 20.08 (9.93) | 22.25 (8.24) | ||||||||||||
| HAM-D | VR | 15.94 (3.19) | - | 9.24 (4.82) | 8.29 (5.51) | 43.798 | <0.001 | 0.771 | 0.006 | 0.941 | 0.000 | |||||
| TAU | 16.67 (1.67) | - | 8.42 (5.14) | 8.08 (4.34) | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | FU | |||||||||
| CGI-S | VR | 3.76 (0.66) | 3.24 (0.44) | 2.94 (0.75) | 2.94 (0.66) | 2.65 (0.61) | 2.65 (0.97) | 2.71 (0.92) | 2.35 (1.17) | 14.804 | <0.001 | 0.354 | 0.028 | 0.868 | 0.001 | |
| TAU | 3.83 (0.58) | 3.42 (0.67) | 3.08 (0.52) | 2.83 (0.39) | 2.92 (0.97) | 2.58 (0.90) | 2.50 (1.09) | 2.33 (0.78) | ||||||||
| CGI-I | VR | - | 3.00 (0.67) | 3.82 (0.64) | 3.94 (0.66) | 3.65 (0.70) | 4.18 (1.33) | 3.94 (0.97) | 3.59 (1.12) | 1.432 | 0.205 | 0.050 | 0.124 | 0.727 | 0.005 | |
| TAU | - | 3.58 (0.79) | 3.08 (0.97) | 3.50 (0.91) | 4.08 (1.08) | 3.58 (1.51) | 3.92 (1.38) | 4.08 (1.51) | ||||||||
VR, virtual reality; TAU, treatment as usual; T3, third treatment day; T6, sixth treatment day; FU, follow-up 4 weeks after end of treatment; K-QIDS-C, Korean version of Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology–Clinician-rated; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; MINI-C, Module C of the Korean version of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; HAM-D, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; CGI-S; Clinical Global Impression-Severity; CGI-I, Clinical Global Impression-Improvement; ANOVA, analysis of variance.
Data are expressed as the mean (SD). F, p, and ηp2 values are from repeated measures ANOVA by time and by time and group.