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. 2025 Jan 6;15:977. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-85275-w

Table 6.

ACC, F1-score, and Recall comparison of different models in UofO dataset under different SNRs (%).

SNR (dB) − 9 − 6 − 3
Model Noise type ACC F1-score Recall ACC F1-score Recall ACC F1-score Recall
MLSCA-CW (two locations) Gauss-noise 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000
Laplace-noise 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000
Violet-noise 99.744 99.744 99.744 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000
Brownian-noise 95.819 95.828 95.819 96.160 96.084 96.087 96.331 96.349 96.355
Mixed-noise 73.976 73.987 73.976 81.655 81.630 81.607 86.263 86.059 85.990
MLSCA-CW (single location) Gauss-noise 89.759 89.837 89.759 92.918 92.943 93.013 99.915 99.917 99.916
Laplace-noise 88.055 87.764 88.055 99.829 99.825 99.829 99.829 99.823 99.823
Violet-noise 67.491 66.903 67.491 67.662 66.959 66.957 68.515 68.431 68.515
Brownian-noise 69.966 70.422 69.966 71.331 71.388 71.177 78.157 77.906 77.771
Mixed-noise 63.140 62.380 63.450 64.505 56.557 64.944 66.212 59.645 66.212
LR Gauss-noise 80.887 80.857 80.887 81.399 81.206 81.686 82.594 82.203 82.594
Laplace-noise 80.802 80.574 80.802 81.826 81.531 81.826 83.532 83.170 83.532
Violet-noise 62.201 60.689 62.201 65.785 62.516 64.547 68.345 67.076 68.345
Brownian-noise 32.594 18.560 32.594 33.703 20.273 33.481 35.410 23.759 35.410
Mixed-noise 37.500 37.080 37.500 38.225 34.837 38.225 43.345 39.934 43.078
MC-CNN Gauss-noise 95.734 95.737 95.734 97.440 97.438 97.440 100.000 100.000 100.000
Laplace-noise 94.966 94.968 94.966 96.416 96.413 96.416 100.000 100.000 100.000
Violet-noise 81.911 81.878 81.911 85.448 85.391 85.448 92.217 92.126 92.217
Brownian-noise 41.076 40.546 41.076 46.200 45.463 46.200 95.601 95.588 95.601
Mixed-noise 68.174 68.443 68.174 70.734 70.804 70.734 74.147 74.209 74.147
WDCNN Gauss-noise 73.294 73.266 73.294 74.915 74.944 74.915 99.915 99.916 99.916
Laplace-noise 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000
Violet-noise 65.870 63.396 65.870 67.065 66.142 67.044 69.625 68.699 69.625
Brownian-noise 72.952 72.924 72.952 73.294 73.418 73.175 76.024 75.754 75.671
Mixed-noise 68.089 68.240 68.381 70.478 70.141 70.070 73.891 73.745 73.891
Multiscale inner product Gauss-noise 92.491 92.495 92.491 95.648 95.671 95.648 97.355 97.367 97.355
Laplace-noise 89.505 89.501 89.505 92.065 92.064 92.065 94.625 94.619 94.625
Violet-noise 83.959 83.930 83.959 85.666 85.646 85.666 88.225 88.208 88.225
Brownian-noise 91.041 91.043 91.041 92.747 92.753 92.747 95.307 95.308 95.307
Mixed-noise 69.120 69.098 69.120 72.504 72.453 72.504 74.196 74.229 74.196
SANet Gauss-noise 69.795 69.414 69.795 78.157 76.166 78.505 79.863 78.058 79.863
Laplace-noise 68.345 58.102 68.345 69.198 59.924 69.198 71.758 64.939 71.758
Violet-noise 66.638 64.001 66.638 67.065 67.083 67.199 68.601 68.450 68.601
Brownian-noise 52.986 52.579 52.986 55.205 51.545 55.219 56.911 53.621 56.911
Mixed-noise 53.840 53.528 54.046 55.034 54.700 54.862 58.106 57.489 58.106
QCNN Gauss-noise 99.829 99.829 99.829 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000
Laplace-noise 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000
Violet-noise 67.235 66.850 67.235 69.113 67.640 68.070 70.819 70.205 70.819
Brownian-noise 52.218 52.018 52.218 54.181 49.979 54.194 56.485 56.316 56.485
Mixed-noise 72.696 72.369 72.696 74.061 73.675 73.680 75.341 75.333 75.341

Best results is highlighted