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. 2025 Jan 7;15:1037. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-85106-y

Table 3.

Statistical indices with regard to training, validation and testing phases for all the developed intelligent models.

Model R 2 MSE AARE%
Training Validation Test Training Validation Test Training Validation Test
Decision Tree 0.998628 0.9419383 0.951227 0.038274 1.9598029 1.969701 0.619965 5.9495814 7.373993
AdaBoost 0.994503 0.9829023 0.930396 0.153343 0.5771109 2.810983 1.385973 4.2744479 10.70054
Random Forest 0.962907 0.9752893 0.959012 1.034649 0.834079 1.655327 4.382448 5.2276914 6.855313
KNN 0.943946 0.9767881 0.889473 1.563539 0.7834898 4.463694 4.801762 3.9701605 8.125265
Ensemble Learning 0.990196 0.981191 0.943542 0.273472 0.6348763 2.280067 2.304018 4.1129071 7.342033
CNN 0.939171 0.9418796 0.896304 1.696726 1.9617828 4.187813 5.075706 5.2224487 5.948077
SVR 0.915223 0.9957063 0.941175 2.364719 0.1449279 2.375694 5.240866 1.78921 9.307926
MLP-ANN 0.905727 0.9776783 0.929881 2.629609 0.7534436 2.831794 8.442734 3.8741063 12.3595