Table 2.
Prevalence data
| Reference | Selected disorder | Baseline prevalence* (%) |
95% Confidence interval (%) | Informant | Psychometric scales‡ | Type of scale | Validated in context |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crombach et al. (2014) | PTSD Major depression |
20.5 6.1 |
13.0–28.0 1.7–10.5 |
Self | UCLA PTSDRI MINI-KID |
Screening diagnosis | Yes Yes |
| Ndukuba et al. (2017) | ADHD | 6.6 | 3.0–10.2 |
Teacher | ARS-IV | Diagnosis | No |
| Roberts et al. (2022) | Depression Anxiety PTSD |
6.9 1.4 0.6 |
5.1–8.7 0.5–2.3 5.1–8.7 |
Self | CDI-S RCMAS Child PTSD Checklist |
Screening Diagnosis screening |
Yes Yes Yes |
| Kashala et al. (2005) | ADHD | 5.9 | 4.6–7.2 |
Caregiver, teacher | DBDRS | Screening | Yes†
|
| Zeegers et al. (2010) | ADHD | 16.9 | 9.6–24.2 |
Caregiver, teacher | SNAP-IV | Screening | Yes† |
| Adewuya and Famuyiwa (2007) | ADHD Conduct problems anxiety/ Depression |
8.7 9.3 20.6 |
7.0–10.4 7.6–11.0 18.2–23.0 |
Caregiver, teacher | VADTRS VADPRS |
Diagnosis Diagnosis | No No |
| Chinawa et al. (2014) | ADHD | 3.2 | 1.1–5.3 |
Self | DBDRS | Screening | Yes† |
| Rukabyarwema et al. (2019) | ADHD, Anxiety/ Depression Conduct Problems |
13.0 20.0 11.0 |
8.7–17.3 14.9–25.1 7.0–15.0 |
Caregiver | PSC | Screening | Yes |
| Kariuki et al. (2017) | Anxiety Anxiety/ Depression ADHD | 12.6 12.7 5.0 |
11.5–13.7 11.6–3.8 4.3–5.7 |
Caregiver | CBCL | Screening | Yes |
| Cortina et al. (2013) | PTSD Anxiety/ Depression |
23.9 14.1 |
21.3–26.5 12.0–16.2 |
Teacher, self | TSCC-A YSR |
Screening Screening | Yes Yes |
| Ambuabunos et al. (2011) | ADHD | 7.6 | 6.2–9.0 |
Caregiver, teacher | DBDRS | Screening | Yes†
|
| Tirfeneh and Srahbzu (2020) | Depression | 36.2 | 32.4–40.0 |
Self | PHQ–9 | Screening | Yes |
| Girma et al. (2021) | Depression | 28.0 | 24.2–31.8 |
Self | PHQ–9 | Screening | Yes |
| Osok et al. (2018) | Depression | 33.0 | 26.1–39.9 |
Self | PHQ–9 | Screening | Yes |
| Bukenya et al. (2022) | Depression PTSD Anxiety |
49.8 53.8 34.4 |
44.2–55.4 48.2–59.4 29.1–39.7 |
Self | PHQ–9 PC-PTSD GAD–7 |
Screening Screening Screening | Yes No Yes |
| Teivaanmäki et al. (2018) | Depression | 90.0 | 87.4–92.6 |
Self | SMFQ | Screening | No |
| Mutiso et al. (2017) | Conduct problems | 5.1 | 3.4–6.8 |
Self | YSR | Screening | Yes |
| Dow et al. (2016) | Depression PTSD |
12.1 10.4 |
7.4–16.8 6.0–14.8 |
Self | PHQ–9 UCLA-PTSDRI |
Screening Screening | Yes |
| Barhafumwa et al. (2016) | Depression | 33.0 | 29.7–36.3 |
Self | CES-DC | Screening | Yes |
| Oshodi et al. (2020) | Depression Anxiety PTSD |
22.6 16.1 12.9 |
7.9–37.3 3.2–29.0 1.1–24.7 |
Self | MINI-KID | Diagnosis | Yes |
| Atwoli et al. (2014) | PTSD | 13.9 | 12.1–15.7 |
Self | Child PTSD checklist | Screening | Yes |
| Ashaba et al. (2018) | Depression | 16.0 | 11.2–20.8 |
Self | MINI-KID | Diagnosis | Yes |
| Kinyanda et al. (2019) | Depression | 5.0 | 3.8–6.2 |
Self | CASI–5 | Diagnosis | Yes |
| Haas et al. (2020) | Depression Anxiety PTSD |
15.5 15.1 0.7 |
13.3–17.7 13.0–17.2 0.2–1.2 |
Self | PHQ–9 GAD–7 PC-PTSD–5 |
Screening Screening Screening | Yes Yes Yes† |
| West et al. (2019) | Depression Anxiety PTSD |
7.6 6.7 5.3 |
4.5–10.7 3.8–9.6 2.7–7.9 |
Self | CDI RCMAS Child PTSD checklist |
Screening Diagnosis Screening |
Yes Yes Yes |
| Nkuba et al. (2018) | Conduct problems ADHD | 41.5 16.6 |
37.2–45.8 13.4–19.8 |
Caregiver, self | SDQ | Screening | Yes |
| Imasiku and Banda (2010) | Conduct problems ADHD | 24.8 3.7 |
15.0–34.6 −0.6–8.0 |
Caregiver, self | SDQ | Screening | Yes† |
| Gureje et al. (1994) | Conduct problems Depression Anxiety ADHD |
6.1 6.0 4.7 1.1 |
4.6–7.6 4.5–7.5 3.4–6.0 0.5–1.7 |
Self | DISC K-SADS-PL |
Diagnosis Diagnosis | Yes†
Yes |
| Harder et al. (2012) | PTSD | 18.0 | 14.8–21.2 |
Caregiver, self | UCLA PTSDRI | Screening | Yes |
| Haney et al. (2014) | Depression | 3.5 | 3.0–4.0 |
Self | SRQ–20 |
Screening | Yes |
| Maru et al. (2003) | Conduct problems | 20.0 | 11.7–28.3 |
Self | RQC | Screening | Yes |
| Kamau et al. (2012) | Anxiety Depression ADHD |
32.2 17.8 12.2 |
25.0–39.4 11.9–23.7 7.2–17.2 |
Self | MINI-KID | Diagnosis | Yes |
| Adefalu et al. (2018) | ADHD | 4.6 | 1.7–7.5 |
Caregiver | CBQ | Screening | No |
| Okwaraji et al. (2017) | PTSD Depression Anxiety |
24.3 7.9 11.4 |
20.7–27.9 5.6–10.0 8.8–14.0 |
Self | Short screening scale for PTSD BDI-II GAD–7 |
Screening Screening Screening |
Yes Yes Yes |
| Oke et al. (2019) | ADHD | 4.7 | 3.6–5.8 |
Caregiver, teacher | DBDRS | Screening | Yes |
| Atilola et al. (2014) | PTSD | 5.8 | 3.1–8.5 |
Self | K-SADS-PL | Diagnosis | Yes |
| Peltzer (1999) | PTSD | 8.4 | 3.9–12.9 |
Self | Children’s PTSD Inventory | Diagnosis | Yes |
| Scharpf et al. (2019) | PTSD | 5.7 | 2.7–8.7 |
Self | UCLA PTSDRI | Screening | Yes |
| Mpango et al. (2017) | ADHD | 6.0 | 4.7–7.3 | Caregiver, teacher | CASI–5 | Diagnosis | Yes |
| Umar et al. (2018) | ADHD | 8.8 | 6.3–11.3 |
Self | K-SADS-PL | Diagnosis | Yes |
| Fatiregun and Kumapayi (2014) | Depression |
21.2 | 19.3–23.1 |
Self | PHQ–9 | Screening | Yes |
| Afeti and Nyarko (2017) | ADHD | 12.75 | 9.5–16.0 |
Caregiver, teacher | DBDRS | Screening | Yes†
|
| Nalugya-Sserunjogi et al. (2016) | Depression | 21.0 | 17.5–24.5 |
Self | CDI | Screening | Yes |
| Akimana et al. (2019) | Depression | 26.0 | 21.4–30.6 |
Self | MINI-KID | Diagnosis | Yes |
| Kusi-Mensah et al. (2019) | Depression Anxiety ADHD Conduct problems |
1.3 1.0 1.6 2.0 |
0.0–2.6 −0.1–2.1 0.2–3.1 0.4–3.5 |
Caregiver, teacher | K-SADS-PL | Diagnosis | Yes |
| Rochat et al. (2018) | Conduct problems ADHD Anxiety |
11.8 4.4 5.0 |
10.2–13.4 3.4–5.4 3.9–6.1 |
Caregiver | CBCL | Screening | Yes |
| Abbo et al. (2013) | Anxiety PTSD |
26.6 6.6 |
24.4–28.8 5.4–7.8 |
Caregiver, teacher | MINI-KID | Diagnosis | Yes |
| Adewuya and Ola (2005) | Anxiety Depression |
31.4 28.4 |
22.4–40.4 19.7–37.2 |
Caregiver | DISC-IV | Diagnosis | Yes |
| Ashenafi (2001) | ADHD Anxiety Depression |
1.5 1.6 0.9 |
0.9–2.1 1.0–2.2 0.4–1.4 |
Caregiver | DICA | Diagnosis | Yes |
| Okewole et al. (2015) | Conduct problems ADHD |
16.7 8.9 |
13.9–19.5 6.8–11.0 |
Self | SDQ | Screening | Yes |
| Mels et al. (2009) | PTSD | 52.2 | 49.2–55.2 |
Self | IES-R | Screening | Yes |
| Ruiz-Casares et al. (2009) | Depression | 1.9 | −0.2–4.0 |
Self | CDI | Screening | Yes |
| Ertl et al. (2014) | PTSD | 15.0 | 12.9–17.1 |
Self | PDS |
Diagnosis | Yes |
| Ndetei et al. (2008) | Depression Anxiety |
43.7 12.9 |
42.1–45.3 11.8–14.0 |
Self | MASC CDI NOK |
Screening Screening Screening |
Yes Yes Yes |
| Khasakhala et al. (2012) | Depression | 26.4 | 24.0–28.8 |
Self | CDI | Screening | Yes |
| Ndetei et al. (2016b) | Conduct Problems ADHD Anxiety |
12.5 29.6 8.2 |
11.1–13.9 27.7–31.5 7.1–9.3 |
Self | YSR | Screening | Yes |
| Fekadu et al. (2006) | Anxiety Conduct Problems |
4.8 1 |
3.5–6.1 0.4–1.6 |
Self | DICA | Diagnosis | Yes |
| Mbwayo et al. (2020) | PTSD | 26.8 | 25.0–28.6 | Self | UCLA PTSDRI | Screening | Yes |
| Swain et al. (2017) | PTSD | 5.9 | 3.4–8.5 |
Caregiver | TSCC | Screening | Yes |
| Gaitho et al. (2018) | Depression | 52.6 | 46.6–58.6 |
Self | PHQ–9 | Screening | Yes |
| Anokye et al. (2020) | ADHD | 5.0 | 3.9–6.1 |
Caregiver | DBDRS | Screening | Yes† |
| Adewuya et al. (2007) | Major depression | 6.90 | 5.4–8.4 |
Self | K-SADS-E | Diagnosis | Yes |
| Okeke et al. (2018) | Depression Anxiety | 46.0 14.0 |
39.1–52.9 9.2–18.8 |
Self | BDI-II RCMAS |
Screening Diagnosis |
Yes |
Note: Above are the prevalence from each study, accompanied by the psychometric tools and their contextual validation indicated as “No” if the scale was not validated, “Yes” if the scale was validated, or “Yes†” if the scale had been validated after the study. Additional details of psychometric scales can be found in Appendix C.