Table 1.
General characteristics of the study population at baseline (n = 1232)
| <1 µg/mL (n = 291) | 1–3 µg/mL (n = 340) | 3–12 µg/mL (n = 281) | 12–35 µg/mL (n = 164) | >35 µg/mL (n = 156) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urinary tartaric acid, µg/mLa | 0.7 (0.5–0.8) | 1.6 (1.2–2.2) | 5.4 (3.9–8.3) | 21.4 (16.0–27.2) | 75.6 (49.2–117.3) | |
| Age, years | 68.9 + 6.1 | 68.0 + 6.2 | 68.4 + 6.1 | 69.2 + 6.0 | 67.5 + 6.3 | .054 |
| Women, n (%) | 187 (64.3) | 204 (60.0) | 150 (53.4) | 61 (37.2) | 55 (35.3) | <.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.9 + 4.2 | 30.3 + 3.7 | 29.9 + 3.6 | 29.9 + 3.4 | 29.9 + 3.4 | .653 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 175 (60.1) | 190 (55.9) | 142 (50.5) | 84 (51.2) | 73 (46.8) | .074 |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 199 (68.4) | 236 (69.4) | 194 (69.0) | 118 (72.0) | 98 (62.8) | .205 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 240 (82.5) | 290 (85.3) | 235 (83.6) | 132 (80.5) | 131 (84.0) | .373 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 8 (2.8) | 12 (3.5) | 10 (3.6) | 3 (1.8) | 5 (3.2) | .789 |
| Neurodegenerative disease, n (%) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | .589 |
| Educational level, n (%) | .511 | |||||
| Low | 234 (80.4) | 267 (78.5) | 221 (78.7) | 123 (75.0) | 116 (74.4) | |
| High and medium | 57 (19.6) | 73 (21.5) | 60 (21.4) | 41 (25.0) | 40 (25.6) | |
| Smoking habit, n (%) | <.001 | |||||
| Current smokers | 33 (11.3) | 36 (10.6) | 33 (11.7) | 23 (14.0) | 45 (28.9) | |
| Former smokers | 77 (26.5) | 77 (22.7) | 77 (27.4) | 62 (37.8) | 52 (33.3) | |
| Total energy intake, kcal/day | 2205 + 567 | 2283 + 634 | 2316 + 629 | 2346 + 601 | 2410 + 647 | .011 |
| Physical activity, METS·min/day | 214 + 231 | 215 + 209 | 270 + 255 | 256 + 237 | 265 + 257 | .006 |
| Family history of early-onset CHD, n (%) | 65 (22.3) | 78 (22.9) | 67 (23.8) | 30 (18.3) | 29 (18.6) | .681 |
| Intervention group, n (%) | .026 | |||||
| MedDiet + EVOO | 92 (31.6) | 123 (36.2) | 93 (33.1) | 70 (42.7) | 51 (32.7) | |
| MedDiet + nuts | 93 (32.0) | 103 (30.3) | 94 (33.5) | 47 (28.7) | 54 (34.6) | |
| Control diet | 106 (36.4) | 114 (33.5) | 94 (33.5) | 47 (28.7) | 51 (32.7) | |
| Self-reported wine consumption, mL/day | 15 + 37 | 28 + 52 | 63 + 96 | 114 + 127 | 151 + 159 | <.001 |
| Grapes and raisins consumption (g/d) | 12 + 22 | 12 + 22 | 15 + 31 | 15 + 28 | 20 + 34 | .020 |
Values are percentages for categorical variables and means ± SD for continuous variables. One-ANOVA factor was used for continuous variables, and a χ2 test was used for categorical variables. P < .05 was considered significant. The displayed n does not include overlapping subjects in the subcohort.
BMI, body mass index; METS, metabolic task equivalents; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MedDiet, Mediterranean diet; EVOO, extra-virgin olive oil.
aTartaric acid concentrations are presented with the interquartile range (Q1–Q3).