Table 1.

Overview of the therapeutic effects of L. plantarum on NDDs

Disease	Research types	Strain	Model	Dose	Key effects	Ref
AD	in vivo	L. plantarum ATCC8014	APP/PS1 mice	1×108 CFU/kg for 6 weeks	- Alleviation of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration - Reduction in brain Aβ accumulation and tau protein phosphorylation - Enhancement of synaptic plasticity in the brain - Restoration of gut microbiota and intestinal barrier integrity	Hu et al., 2024a
	in vivo	L. plantarum HEAL9	SAMP8 mice	1×109 CFU/mouse for 2 months	- Alleviation of cognitive impairment and gut motility disorders - Reduction in neuroinflammation and Aβ accumulation in the brain	Di Salvo et al., 2024
	in vivo	L. plantarum MWFLp-182	D-galactose injected mice	1×109 CFU/mL (0.2 mL/mouse) for 8 weeks	- Increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines and expression of tight junction proteins in the gut - Enhancement of postsynaptic plasticity in the brain - Increase in BDNF and Nrf2 levels in the brain	Nie et al., 2024
	in vivo	L. plantarum MA2	D-galactose/ AlCl3-injected rats	1×108 or 109 CFU/kg for 12 weeks	- Improvement in cognitive impairment and anxiety-related behaviors - Protection of neurons and reduction of Aβ accumulation in the brain - Reduction of neuroinflammation - Alleviation of intestinal mucosal damage and restoration of gut microbiota composition	Wang et al., 2022b
	in vivo	L. plantarum DP189	D-galactose/ AlCl3-injected mice	1×109 CFU/mL for 10 weeks	- Improvement in cognitive impairment - Increase in serotonin, dopamine, and GABA levels - Protection of neurons and reduction of Aβ accumulation in the brain - Inhibition of tau hyperphosphorylation via modulation of the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway in the brain	Song et al., 2022
	in vivo	L. plantarum MTCC 1325	D-galactose-injected albino rats	12×108 CFU/mL (10 mL/kg) for 60 days	- Improvement in cognitive impairment - Increase in acetylcholine levels in the brain - Inhibition of Aβ accumulation	Nimgampalle and Kuna, 2017
	in vivo	L. plantarum C29	D-galactose injected mice	1×1010 CFU/mouse for 5 weeks	- Improvement in cognitive impairment - Regulation of BDNF and CREB activation - Reduction in expression of inflammatory factors	Woo et al., 2014
PD	in vivo	L. plantarum SG5	MPTP-injected mice	1×109 CFU for 35 days	- Improvement in motor dysfunction - Protection of neurons and inhibition of α-synuclein aggregation - Reduction in neuroinflammation and mitigation of BBB damage - Restoration of gut microbiota composition and regulation of GLP-1 secretion	Qi et al., 2024
	in vivo	L. plantarum CCFM405	Rotenone-injected mice	1×109 CFU/mL (0.2 mL/mouse) for 9 weeks	- Improvement in motor dysfunction and constipation - Protection of neurons and alleviation of neuroinflammation - Increase in dopamine and serotonin levels in the brain - Reduction of gut inflammation and restoration of gut microbiota composition - Enhanced biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids in the gut	Chu et al., 2023
	in vivo	L. plantarum PS128	6-OHDA-injected rats	1.5×1010 CFU for 6 weeks	- Normalization of power spectral density of beta oscillations in the cortex - Improvement in motor dysfunction	Ma et al., 2023b
	in vivo	L. plantarum DP189	MPTP-injected mice	1×109 CFU/mL (0.2 mL/mouse) for 14 days	- Reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress-related factors in the brain - Decrease in α-synuclein accumulation in the brain - Restoration of gut microbiota composition	Wang et al., 2022a
	Case reports	L. plantarum PS128	Patients with PD	2 capsules (3×109 CFU/capsule) for 12 weeks	- Improvement in UPDRS motor scores - Improvement in PDQ-39	Lu et al., 2021
MS	in vivo	L. plantarum PTCC1058	Cuprizone-induced mice	1×108 CFU/kg for 2 months	- Improvement of motor impairment - Improvement of myelination of the nerve fibers in the brain	Sajedi et al., 2023
	in vivo	L. plantarum PTCC1058	Cuprizone-induced mice	1×108 CFU/kg for 2 months	- Decrease in blood leptin - Increase in blood serotonin	Sajedi et al., 2021

AD, Alzheimer’s disease; L. plantarum, Lactobacillus plantarum; APP/PS1, amyloid precursor protein and mutant human presenilin 1; CFU, colony forming unit; Aβ, Amyloid β; SAMP8, Senescent accelerated prone 8; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; NRF-2, Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; CREB, c-AMP response element binding protein; PD, Parkinson’s disease; MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; BBB, Blood-Brain Barrier; GLP-1, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale; PDQ-39, Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39; MS, Multiple sclerosis.