Table 2.

Summary of intraarticular injection of stem cells for the regeneration of knee joint cartilage as a therapeutic option for knee osteoarthritis

Objective	To evaluate the potential of stem cell injections for regenerating knee cartilage and alleviating symptoms of osteoarthritis
Stem Cell Types Used	- Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) - Adipose-derived Stem Cells (ADSCs) - Bone Marrow-derived Stem Cells (BMSCs)
Injection Site	Intraarticular (directly into the knee joint)
Mechanism of Action	- Promotion of cartilage repair - Modulation of inflammatory responses - Stimulation of endogenous cartilage regeneration
Benefits	- Pain reduction - Improved joint function - Enhanced cartilage repair
Challenges	- Variability in treatment outcomes - Risk of adverse effects (e.g., infection, inflammation) - High cost and limited availability
Current Evidence	- Mixed results in clinical trials - Promising outcomes in some studies - Need for further research to establish long-term efficacy and safety
Potential Advantages Over Traditional Treatments	- Less invasive compared to surgical options - Possibility of disease-modifying effects
Future Directions	- Standardization of stem cell preparation and administration - Long-term follow-up studies - Exploration of combination therapies and optimized protocols