Table 1.
Role of vitamin-D in normal and post COVID 19 affected conditions in intestine, prostate gland, lungs, brain, kidney and heart.
| ORGANS | VITAMIN-D ROLE IN NORMAL CONDITIONS | VITAMIN-D ROLE IN COVID-19 AFFECTED CONDITIONS | REFERENCES |
|---|---|---|---|
| INTESTINE | 1. Regulates inflammation through gut microbiome. 2. Regulates transcription of cathelicidin and DEFB4. 3. Decreases polyp recurrence in colon cancer patients. |
1. Interacts with RAS/ACE/ACE-2 signaling axis and regulates rennin-angiotensin system. 2. Regulates gut microbiome and microbial diversity. 3. Reduces inflammatory bowel diseases. |
33, 34, 40, 41 |
| PROSTATE GLAND | 1. Reduces inflammation in prostate gland cancer. 2. Inhibits proliferation of tumor cells. 3. Enhances cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. 4. Inhibits growth of prostate epithelial cells. 5. Reduces invasion and adhesion of androgen-independent prostate cancer. 6. Increases anti-metastatic potential. |
1. Reduces severity of Coronavirus in prostate cancer patients. 2. Enhances anti-metastatic potential in COVID-19 affected prostate cancer patients. |
52, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59 |
| LUNGS | 1. Regulates innate immune effectors, airline epithelium, alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells. 2. Enhancescathelicidin secretion. 3.Downregulateschemokines production. 4. Prevents dendritic cell activation. 5. Regulates T cell activation. 6. Enhances immunity through CD4+FoxP3+ Tregs expression. 7. Prevents asthma through increasing IL-10 secreting TReg population. 8. Reduces lung cancer growth. |
1. Increases PaO2, SO2, PaO2/FiO2 levels. 2. Reduces severity in COVID-19 patients with multiple lung consolidations or severe interstitial lung involvement. 3. Decreases mortality of hospitalized elderly COVID-19 patients. |
60-67 |
| BRAIN | 1.Regulates β-amyloid deposition in older adults. 2. Regulates calcium levels, decreases the onset of depression. 3. Regulates nerve growth factor release. 4. Decreases risk of psychosis in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion. 5. Upregulates synaptic transmission, cell communication, and G-protein. 6. Enhances learning and memory. 7. Reduces cognitive decline. |
1. Upregulates serotonergic neurotransmission during depression of COVID-19 patients. 2. Increases expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 and monoamine oxidase. 3. Decreases psychological distress with mood disorders in the COVID-19 patients. 4. Regulates sleep-wake cycle. 5. Prevents inflammatory disorders associated with depression. |
69-77 |
| KIDNEY | 1. Regulates renin-angiotensin system. 2. Decreases hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and increased water intake. 3. Reduces glomerular and tubulointerstitial destruction. 4. Inhibits proteinuria. 5. Prevents activation of NF-κB. 6. Decreases oxidative stress damage in the podocytes, macrophage infiltration, dilation of mesangial cells, andproinflammatoryprofibrogenic factors, extracellular matrix protein. 7. Reduces neutral lipid accumulation. Decreases inflammation and myofibroblasts production by downregulating TLR-4 and MCP-1. |
1. Upregulates glomerular filtration rate in COVID-19 patients. 2. Inhibits angiotensin-II induced uncontrolled cholesterol plaque formation. 3. Prevents angiotensin-II within the myocardium and renal cortex. 4.Downregulates IL-6 production. |
86-92 |
| HEART | 1. Inhibits aneurysm, arterial calcification. 2. Prevents peripheral arterial disease, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. 3. Regulates coronary flow. 4. Reduces inflammation, oxidative stress, and energetic metabolic alterations. 5. Decreases cardiac hypertrophy, changes in the left auricle, and ventricle. 6. Decreases systolic dysfunction, fibrosis, and apoptosis. 7. Regulates ST2 levels. 8. Regulates renin angiotensin-aldosterone system. 9. Decreases blood pressure, hypertrophy, fibrosis and thrombosis. 10. Regulates cardiovascular risk factors. |
1. Mitigates coagulation abnormalities in crtically ill COVID-19 patients 2. Prevents cytokine storms by stimulating anti-inflammatory agent. 2. Influences endothelial cell function and regulates vasodilation 3. Prevent atherosclerosis and vascular calcification in COVID-19 patients. |
93-100 |