Table 3. Survival and Neurodevelopmental Impairment After Low-Grade IVH.
| Outcome | OR (95% CI) | Participants, No./total No. (%) | Imputed adjusted, OR (95% CI)b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Adjusteda | Absolute imputed risk in low-grade IVH | Absolute imputed risk in controls | ||
| Survival without severe NDI | 1.00 (0.91-1.10) | 0.90 (0.80-1.01) | 3290/5107 (64.41) | 2908/4462 (65.19) | 0.88 (0.79-0.98) |
| Outcomes for survivors | |||||
| Any NDI | 1.13 (1.00-1.25) | 1.16 (1.03-1.31) | 2096/4378 (47.86) | 1659/3706 (44.77) | 1.17 (1.04-1.32) |
| Severe NDI | 1.25 (1.10-1.42) | 1.32 (1.14-1.52) | 996/4378 (22.75) | 707/3704 (19.09) | 1.29 (1.11-1.49) |
| Type of neurodevelopmental sequelae in survivors | |||||
| Overall development | |||||
| Mild delay (3-6 mo) | 1.06 (0.91-1.23) | 1.08 (0.91-1.28) | 683/3755 (18.19) | 562/3272 (17.18) | 1.09 (0.91-1.31) |
| Moderate delay (6-12 mo) | 1.16 (0.98-1.38) | 1.14 (0.94-1.39) | 507/4102 (12.36) | 386/3748 (10.30) | 1.14 (0.94-1.39) |
| Severe delay (>12 mo) | 1.30 (1.06-1.61) | 1.36 (1.07-1.73) | 339/4346 (7.80) | 221/3683 (6.00) | 1.38 (1.10-1.73) |
| Communication | |||||
| Any difficulty with communication | 1.09 (0.97-1.21) | 1.08 (0.94-1.22) | 1522/4353 (34.95) | 1215/3689 (32.93) | 1.10 (0.96-1.26) |
| Difficulty with speech (<10 words or signs) | 1.17 (1.04-1.31) | 1.15 (1.01-1.32) | 1432/4346 (32.95) | 1095/3680 (29.74) | 1.16 (1.01-1.33) |
| Difficulty understanding outside of familiar context | 1.17 (0.97-1.41) | 1.03 (0.83-1.29) | 425/4345 (9.78) | 321/3673 (8.74) | 1.06 (0.86-1.29) |
| Has <5 meaningful words, vocalizations, or signs | 1.22 (1.06-1.41) | 1.19 (1.01-1.41) | 759/4337 (17.50) | 549/3683 (14.91) | 1.20 (1.03-1.41) |
| Unable to understand words or signs | 1.40 (1.10-1.80) | 1.39 (1.03-1.86) | 248/4340 (5.72) | 157/3659 (4.29) | 1.34 (0.98-1.85) |
| Motor | |||||
| Any difficulty walking | 1.17 (1.0-1.37) | 1.31 (1.09-1.57) | 557/4365 (12.76) | 402/3700 (10.87) | 1.30 (1.07-1.59) |
| Unable to walk without assistance | 1.42 (1.15-1.75) | 1.53 (1.20-1.95) | 349/4363 (8.00) | 211/3688 (5.72) | 1.51 (1.21-1.89) |
| Nonfluent or abnormal gait reducing mobility | 1.21 (1.02-1.43) | 1.36 (1.12-1.65) | 514/4368 (11.77) | 356/3694 (9.64) | 1.37 (1.12-1.66) |
| Difficulty with the use of both hands | 1.52 (1.02-2.25) | 1.61 (1.01-2.57) | 102/4359 (2.34) | 57/3701 (1.54) | 1.61 (0.97-2.65) |
| Difficulty with using 1 hand | 1.18 (0.85-1.63) | 1.20 (0.81-1.78) | 126/4360 (2.89) | 91/3699 (2.46) | 1.20 (0.81-1.77) |
| Unstable or needs support sitting | 1.64 (1.15-2.35) | 1.67 (1.10-2.54) | 130/4377 (2.97) | 72/3711 (1.94) | 1.56 (1.01-2.42) |
| Unable to sit | 2.11 (1.28-3.46) | 2.56 (1.37-4.81) | 82/4362 (1.88) | 31/3690 (0.84) | 2.65 (1.36-5.16) |
| Unable to use hands (eg, to feed)c | 1.34 (0.95-1.88) | 1.20 (0.82-1.76) | 127/4360 (2.91) | 85/3696 (2.30) | 1.19 (0.83-1.70) |
| Vision | |||||
| Any vision problems including squintc | 1.45 (1.22-1.71) | 1.49 (1.23-1.81) | 571/4343 (13.15) | 351/3685 (9.52) | 1.48 (1.21-1.81) |
| A not fully correctable visual defect | 1.49 (0.98-2.26) | 1.41 (0.88-2.24) | 98/4318 (2.27) | 61/3653 (1.67) | 1.30 (0.82-2.08) |
| Complete blindness or able to see light onlyd | 1.50 (0.55-4.06) | 1.32 (0.38-4.57) | 20/4348 (0.46) | 16/382 (4.19) | 1.01 (0.26-3.87) |
| Hearing | |||||
| Any hearing impairment | 0.86 (0.66-1.11) | 0.99 (0.73-1.35) | 176/4439 (4.06) | 176/3682 (4.78) | 0.92 (0.66-1.29) |
| Hearing impairment correctable with aids | 0.66 (0.45-0.97) | 0.81 (0.51-1.29) | 69/4313 (1.60) | 85/3696 (2.30) | 0.79 (0.49-1.27) |
| Hearing impairment not correctable with aids | 0.75 (0.41-1.35) | 0.90 (0.45-1.79) | 34/4304 (0.79) | 38/3725 (1.02) | 0.87 (0.47-1.61) |
Abbreviations: IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; NDI, neurodevelopmental impairment; OR, odds ratio.
a
Adjusted for gestation, birthweight z score, Index of Multiple Deprivation quintile, smoking in pregnancy, sex, and admitting neonatal operational delivery network fitted as a random effect.
b
Predictors of missingness included low-grade IVH, gestation, birthweight z score, birth year, maternal smoking, Index of Multiple Deprivation quintile, multimorbidity, maternal age, discharging unit level, neonatal unit count, number of previous pregnancies, sex, and admitting neonatal operational delivery network.
c
Multimorbidity was not included as a predictor of missingness due to failure to converge.
d
Multimorbidity and discharging unit level were not included as predictor of missingness.