Table 3.
Effects of VR Training and Video Training on Primary Outcomes
| Measures | VRa | Videoa | Controla | VR vs Controlb | z | p Value | Video vs Controlb | z | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Similar Tasks | |||||||||
| N | 85 | 80 | 80 | ||||||
| Duration | 262.67 (181.00) |
241.90 (169.98) |
235.16 (174.72) |
0.68 [0.44, 1.05] |
−1.74 | .081 | 0.77 [0.49, 1.20] |
−1.15 | .249 |
| Distance | 174.69 (121.13) |
189.81 (135.22) |
177.99 (146.80) |
0.84 [0.58, 1.21] |
−0.95 | .342 |
0.68
[0.46, 1.00] |
−1.97 | .049 |
| Excludedc | 5 (5.9%) |
4 (5.0%) |
3 (3.8%) |
||||||
| Finished | 72 (85%) |
73 (91%) |
74 (92%) |
||||||
| New Tasks | |||||||||
| N | 75 | 72 | 75 | ||||||
| Duration | 190.71 (137.93) |
203.38 (161.83) |
234.93 (173.97) |
1.71
[1.08, 2.70] |
2.30 | .021 | 1.45 [0.91, 2.30] |
1.58 | .114 |
| Distance | 159.68 (112.77) |
166.92 (132.43) |
206.05 (138.04) |
2.03
[1.26, 3.28] |
2.91 | .004 |
1.72
[1.05, 2.80] |
2.18 | .030 |
| Excludedc | 4 (5.3%) |
1 (1.4%) |
11 (14.7%) |
||||||
| Finished | 72 (96%) |
65 (90%) |
68 (91%) |
||||||
Notes: CI = confidence interval; SD = standard deviation; VR = virtual reality. Data were analyzed at the task level. p-Values and CIs were reported with no adjustment made for multiple comparisons. Significant effects are shown in bold.
aMean (SD) for continuous measures and N (%) for categorical measures.
bEstimated hazard ratio (95% CI). The “hazard” in this study was finishing the task, and hence desirable.
cDistances of trajectories with incorrect start/end points were calculated, and models fitted without imputation or missing data.