Table 2.

Regulating breakdown and synthesis of ECM in OA.

Source of exosomes	Main target molecule or pathway	Effect	Reference
BM-MSC	miR-125a-5p	Upregulated COL II; aggregated proteoglycans and SOX 9 and downregulated MMP-13; reshaped ECM migration	[102]
ESC-MSC	Unknown	Increased COL II and reduced ADAMTS 5 expression; reduced matrix degradation	[103]
SMSC	miR-155-5p	ECM secretion is promoted by targeting Runx 2	[104]
SMSC	miR-140-5p	Enhances the proliferation and migration of chondrocytes without compromising ECM secretion	[105]