Table 3.

Protection of chondrocytes from different forms of death in OA.

Source of exosomes	Main target molecule or pathway	Effect	Reference
AD-MSC	miR-486-5p	Suppression of ER stress can reduce IL-1β-induced apoptosis	[107]
AD-MSC	Unknown	Inhibition of apoptosis of articular cartilage cells in mice	[108]
OA mouse serum	Unknown	ATF4 overexpression in OA-Exo promotes autophagy of chondrocytes and inhibits their apoptosis	[110]
IPFP-MSC	miR100-5p	Inhibition of mTOR enhances autophagy levels in chondrocytes to regulate apoptosis	[111]
BM-MSC	miR-326	Targeting of HDAC3 and STAT1//NF-κB p65 to inhibit pyroptosis of chondrocytes and cartilage	[115]
BM-MSC	Unknown	Reduced chondrocyte ferroptosis and prevented OA progression via disruption of the METTL3–m6A–ACSL4 axis	[121]