Table 6. Comparison of KAP before and after intervention.

A validated Likert scale was used to assess ICU nurses' KAP regarding oral care for VAP prevention, consisting of 29 items across three domains: Knowledge (10 items, max 23 points), Attitude (7 items, max 35 points), and Practice (12 items, max 60 points), with a total possible score of 118 (Supplementary Material 1).

KAP, Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice

		Knowledge score	Attitude score	Behaviour score	Total score
Baseline	General ICU	23.9 ± 4.83	28.3 ± 5.4	35.8 ± 7.20	88 ± 17.1
	Cardiac ICU	22.55 ± 5.3	27.5 ± 5.34	34.75 ± 7.4	84.8 ± 17.75
End of follow-up	General ICU	27.7 ± 1.59	30.8 ± 2.51	40.85 ± 3.66	88 ± 17.1
	Cardiac ICU	27.65 ± 1.81	31.2 ± 2.57	41.15 ± 3.53	84.8 ± 17.75
p-value (paired-sample t-test)	General ICU	p = 0.002	p = 0.068	p = 0.007	p = 0.008
	Cardiac ICU	p＜0.001	p = 0.008	p = 0.001	p = 0.001