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. 2025 Jan 7;16:441. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-55593-0

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Frequencies of major variants and their total inferred selection coefficients, shown as mean values ± one s.d. from bootstrap subsampling of regional data (see the “Methods” section), defined relative to the WIV04 reference sequence. Selection coefficients for variants with multiple SNVs are obtained by summing the effects of all variant-defining SNVs.