. 2025 Jan 7;8(1):e2452789. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.52789

Table. Change in Prescription Rates Between 2016 and 2022 by Medication^a .

Medication	Change by subgroup, %
	All	Men	Women		Age group, y
	All	Men	Women		0-5 y	6-12 y	13-17 y	18-25 y
Mood stabilizers
Carbamazepine	3	−2		8	21	−1	−8	3
Valproic acid	−17	−7		−33	−28	−22	−21	−8
Lamotrigine	48	29		60	−1	6	20	67
Lithium	155	89		208	−5	87	137	149
Antipsychotics
Chlorpromazine	119	81		150	16	90	201	89
Levomepromazine	52	25		105	−39	39	85	35
Cyamemazine	77	31		155	32	45	82	72
Periciazine	−20	−22		−14	−37	−13	−20	−24
Haloperidol	0	−3		4	−44	−14	−1	−3
Pipamperone	−32	−32		−31	−25	−37	−47	−24
Zuclopenthixol	10	1		39	120	−29	−20	16
Loxapine	80	45		150	88	90	77	71
Clozapine	99	81		138	NA	219	157	84
Olanzapine	47	19		94	−18	37	61	38
Quetiapine	142	63		217	70	98	233	120
Sulpiride	−37	−41		−34	−47	−57	−48	−34
Tiapride	−31	−37		−19	−72	−39	−47	−25
Amisulpride	24	2		61	−32	42	4	20
Risperidone	28	19		54	46	38	16	21
Aripiprazole	114	71		177	189	182	119	91
Paliperidone	33	34		28	10	78	0	29
Anxiolytics
Diazepam	31	24		37	−37	−25	26	64
Oxazepam	135	91		164	53	63	120	126
Potassium clorazepate	−6	−19		6	−39	−35	−21	−6
Lorazepam	85	58		104	−5	42	86	77
Bromazepam	−9	−14		−6	−35	−26	−22	−11
Clobazam	−2	−2		−3	−20	−10	−8	−1
Prazepam	14	0		21	−26	−30	5	12
Alprazolam	45	29		53	−3	7	33	40
Clotiazepam	14	2		20	2	−14	8	10
Hydroxyzine	15	3		24	−9	13	24	16
Buspirone	37	20		46	10	68	44	28
Hypnotics, excluding melatonin
Lormetazepam	55	34		71	3	43	24	51
Midazolam	80	82		77	89	71	79	176
Loprazolam	−3	−10		3	27	−42	−34	−4
Zoplicone	60	46		70	38	28	17	57
Zolpidem	−83	−83		−83	−78	−75	−85	−84
Antidepressants
Clomipramine	−6	−27		19	−60	−56	−18	21
Amitriptyline	25	8		34	−28	−12	5	37
Fluoxetine	162	111		187	49	143	230	126
Citalopram	−36	−46		−31	−67	−45	−37	−39
Paroxetine	94	60		116	54	39	83	87
Sertraline	214	133		269	101	121	193	216
Escitalopram	18	1		27	−22	−10	12	14
Mianserine	57	34		72	12	−2	37	54
Mirtazapine	123	87		152	34	52	114	114
Venlafaxine	102	70		121	2	18	103	96
Duloxetine	40	13		54	10	−5	26	36
Agomelatine	−82	−81		−82	−100	−90	−67	−84
Alcohol dependence medications
Acamprosate	42	33		69	−76	69	−16	38
Naltrexone	43	19		86	−18	−17	−24	43
Nalmefene	−22	−33		8	−53	−56	−43	−24

Abbreviation: NA, not applicable (division by 0).

^{^a}

Detailed data are available in eTable 3 in Supplement 1.

Table. Change in Prescription Rates Between 2016 and 2022 by Medicationa .

Table. Change in Prescription Rates Between 2016 and 2022 by Medication^a .