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. 2024 Dec 3;22(1):316–329. doi: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00942

Figure 5.

Figure 5

A) Insulin recovered (μg) from receptor fluid in all Franz diffusion cells post injection of 350 or 700 μg NovoRapid insulin using a single hollow MN oscillating at a fast speed, slow speed, and static and controls (needle length = 1000 μm) at 15 min, 1, 3, and 24 h. Initially, slow oscillation produces the highest recovery, yet by 3 h, delivery of 0.7 mg of insulin using fast oscillation is providing the highest recovery. By 24 h, the insulin recovery has dropped to 0, which may be caused by the insulin diffusing back into the skin. Insulin quantified using HPLC. Data expressed as treatment n = 6 ± SEM. B) Overview of the cumulative insulin recovery (% theoretical loading) from all Franz diffusion cells receptor fluid post injection of 350 μg or 700 μg NovoRapid insulin using a single hollow MN oscillating at a fast speed, slow speed, and static and controls (needle length = 1000 μm) at 15 min, 1, 3, and 24 h. At 24 h, total recovery was calculated by combining insulin recovered from the receptor fluid, tape strips, and Teepol-soaked sponges. Cumulative recovery remains less than 10% of the theoretical total in all treatment groups and shows an increase when oscillation is used. Insulin quantified using HPLC. Data expressed as n = 6 ± SEM.