Table 2.
Description of included studies
| Author | Year | Location of data | No. of sites or centres | Sample | Statistical analysis conducted | Clustering by site taken into account |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abrahams, N., et al. [23] | 2010 | South Africa | 2 | 253 | Per-protocol analysis stratified by site, Logistic regression, chi-square | No |
| Baeten,J.M. et al. [24] | 2012 | Uganda and Kenya | 2 | 4758 | Kaplan-Meier analysis, Cox regression, | No |
| Baeten, J. M., et al. [25] | 2016 | Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. | 15 | 2629 | Cox regression stratified according to the site | No |
| Celum, C. et. Al. [26] | 2021 | South Africa and Zimbabwe | 3 | 451 | Logistic and linear regression stratified by site, per-protocol analysis, Kaplan-Meier plot, and complete case analysis | No |
| Chung, M. H., et al. [27] | 2020 | Kenya | 3 | 991 | Sensitivity analysis, Kaplan-Meier curves, the log-rank test, chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test and logistic regression | No |
| Coovadia, H. M., et al. [28] | 2012 | South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe | 4 | 1527 | Kaplan-Meier method using Greenwood's formula with log-rank test and Pearson χ² test statistic: | No |
| Dabis, F., et al [29] | 1999 | Côte d’Ivoire and Burkina Faso. | 2 | 421 | Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney test, chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test. Kaplan-Meier survival technique and log-rank test. Cox multivariate proportional hazards model. | No |
| de Bruyn, G., et al. [30] | 2011 | Zimbabwe and South Africa | 3 | 2016 | Stratified Cox model, sensitivity analyses | No |
| Delany-Moretlwe, S. et al. [31] | 2018 | South Africa | 9 | 2059 | Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test stratified by site. Poisson model with study group and site as the main effects. Cox regression adjusted for baseline covariates. Logistic regression generalized estimation equation model, and logistic regression and time-varying Cox regression model stratified by site | Yes |
| Evidence for Contraceptive Options and HIV Outcomes (ECHO) Trial Consortium [32] | 2019 | Eswatini, Kenya, South Africa, and Zambia. | 12 | 7829 | Cox proportional hazards regression, Kaplan-Meier plots, subgroup analyses | No |
| Halpern, V., et al. [33] | 2008 | Nigeria | 4 | 1644 | Exact log-rank test stratified by site, proportional hazards regression model, and Poisson assumption | No |
| Karim A, et al. [34] | 2011 | South Africa | 2 | 1085 | Poisson distribution, Fisher's exact test, unpaired t-test/Wilcoxon two-sample test and Proportional hazards regression models | No |
| Marrazzo, J. M. et al. [35] | 2015 | South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. | 15 | 5029 | Cox proportional-hazards models stratified by site (cox regression), Multivariate survival analyses. GEE with a binomial link, exchangeable correlation structure, and robust standard errors | Yes |
| Maskew, M., et al. [36] | 2020 | South Africa | 3 | 601 | Generalized linear models | No |
| Mavedzenge, S. N. et al. [37] | 2010 | Zimbabwe and South Africa | 3 | 4968 | Cox proportional hazard regression | No |
| McCormack, S. et. Al. [38] | 2010 | South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia | 13 | 9385 | Cox proportional hazards regression was stratified by the clinic. Logistic regression. Subgroup analysis: one subgroup analysis was stratified by the research centre, and one was done with post-randomisation | No |
| Mensch, B. S., et al. [39] | 2016 | South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe | 15 | 5029 | Linear and logistic regression models | No |
| Moodley, D., et al. [40] | 2003 | South Africa | 11 | 1317 | Kaplan-Meier analysis, logistic regression, Cox regression, and t-tests and chi-square tests | No |
| Mugo, N. R., et al. [41] | 2014 | Kenya and Uganda | 9 | 1785 | Cox proportional hazards were stratified by study site, GEE logistic regression, linear mixed-effects models, and their interaction as fixed effects and participants as random effects. | Yes |
| Nagot, N., et al. [5] | 2016 | Burkina Faso, South Africa, Uganda, and Zambia. | 4 | 1273 | Turnbull’s extension of the Kaplan-Meier, log-rank test, piecewise model to compare survival curves and Fisher’s exact test | No |
| Nel, A. et. Al. [42] | 2021 | South Africa and Uganda | 6 | 941 | A paired t-test and a mixed model with repeated measures of age, research centre, and centre-by-visit interaction were used. | Yes |
| Nel, A. et. Al. [43] | 2016 | Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and South Africa | 10 | 280 | Risk ratio | No |
| Nel, A. et. Al. [44] | 2016 | South Africa and Uganda | 7 | 1959 | Two-sided log-rank test stratified according to the research centre and Subgroup analysis | No |
| Odeny, T. A., et al. [45] | 2012 | Kenya | 12 | 1200 | Poisson regression with robust error variance | No |
| Padian, N. S., et al. [6] | 2007 | Zimbabwe and South Africa | 3 | 4948 | subgroup analyses, stratified Cox model, Generalized estimating equation (GEE) logistic regression | Yes |
| Rosen, S., et al. [46] | 2019 | South Africa and Kenya | 6 | 1077 | Linear probability model with robust standard errors and log-linear generalized linear model with robust standard errors | Yes |
| Shapiro, R. L., et al. [47] | 2006 | Botswana | 4 | 709 | Fisher's exact test, Zelen's exact tests, and logistic regression models | No |
| Skoler-Karpoff, S., et al. [48] | 2008 | South Africa | 3 | 6202 | Log-rank test stratified by site, Cox proportional hazards regression, Wilcoxon test | No |
| Taha, T. E., et al. [49] | 2004 | Malawi | 6 | 889 | Exact tests and t-tests, Kaplan-Meier curves, and Logistic regression to adjust comparisons of HIV infection | No |
| The Khesho Bora team [50] | 2011 | Burkina Faso, Kenya and South Africa | 5 | 824 | Student's t-test and χ² test, Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimates, log-rank tests stratified by centre, and logistic regression stratified by centre. | No |
| The Petra study team [51] | 2002 | Uganda, Tanzania and South Africa | 5 | 1457 | Relative risks, analysis stratified by site, Turnbull analysis, Student's t-test, chi-square, and Fisher's exact test. | No |
| Thior, I., et al. [52] | 2006 | Botswana | 4 | 1200 | Fisher exact test (Wilcoxon rank-sum test) for discrete (continuous), Kaplan-Meier estimator, the log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards modelling. | No |
| Van Damme L., et Al. [53] | 2012 | Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania | 4 | 2021 | Proportional-hazards regression model stratified according to the study site | No |
| Waitt, C. et. Al. [54] | 2019 | South Africa and Uganda | 2 | 60 | Chi-squared test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and sensitivity analysis | No |