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. 2025 Jan 4;18:33–51. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S487185

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© 2025 Wang et al.

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Metabolomic analysis of gut microbiota metabolites in each group (*: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01). (a) PCA based on intestinal microbiome metabolites; (b) PCoA plot based on intestinal microbiome metabolites; (c) OPLS-DA analysis based on intestinal microbiome metabolites. Volcano plots of differential metabolites among the three groups: (d) healthy control group vs SIBO+GERD-; (e) healthy control group vs SIBO+GERD+; (f) SIBO+GERD- vs SIBO+GERD+. (g) Heatmap of differential metabolites. (h) VIP scores of differential metabolites and corresponding heatmap.