Table 3.
Patient and Treatment-Specific Factors
| Variable | Overall cohort N = 2385 |
Primary ventral hernia N = 810 |
Incisional ventral hernia N = 1575 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AE n = 469 (19.7%) | No AE n = 1916 (80.3%) | P value | AE n = 107 (13.2%) | No AE n = 703 (86.8%) | P value | AE n = 362 (22.9%) | No AE n = 1213 (77.0%) | P value | |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 245 (52.2) | 1085 (56.6) | .086 | 85 (79.4) | 542 (77.1) | .590 | 160 (44.2) | 543 (44.8) | .849 |
| Female | 224 (47.8) | 831 (43.4) | 22 (20.6) | 161 (22.9) | 202 (55.8) | 670 (55.2) | |||
| Age * | 53.1 ± 12.2* | 52.1 ± 12.8* | .136 | 52.9 ± 12.1* | 49.6 ± 12.9* | .011 | 53.2 ± 12.2* | 53.6 ± 12.6* | .539 |
| Race | |||||||||
| Caucasian | 290 (61.8) | 1,245 (65.0) | .202 | 58 (54.2) | 390 (55.5) | .805 | 232 (64.1) | 855 (70.5) | .021 |
| Others⋄ | 179 (38.2) | 671 (35.0) | 49 (45.8) | 313 (44.5) | 130 (35.9) | 358 (29.5) | |||
| ASA score | |||||||||
| 1–2 | 257 (54.8) | 933 (48.7) | .018 | 60 (56.1) | 252 (35.8) | <.001 | 197 (54.4) | 681 (56.1) | .563 |
| 3–4 | 212 (45.2) | 983 (51.3) | 47 (43.9) | 451 (64.2) | 165 (45.6) | 532 (43.9) | |||
| COPD | 40 (8.5) | 194 (10.1) | .298 | 10 (9.3) | 45 (6.4) | .259 | 30 (8.3) | 149 (12.3) | .036 |
| Prostate disease | 29 (6.2) | 161 (8.4) | .112 | 9 (8.4) | 51 (7.3) | .670 | 20 (5.5) | 110 (9.1) | .032 |
| Active smoking | 125 (26.7) | 490 (25.6) | .632 | 31 (29.0) | 172 (24.5) | .316 | 94 (26.0) | 318 (26.2) | .925 |
| Immunosuppression | 21 (4.5) | 79 (4.1) | .731 | 2 (1.9) | 16 (2.3) | .790 | 19 (5.3) | 63 (5.2) | .967 |
| Pre-operative albumin (mg/dl) * | 3.57 ± 0.7* | 3.65 ± 0.6* | <.001 | 3.7 ± 0.7* | 3.9 ± 0.4* | .030 | 3.5 ± 0.7* | 3.5 ± 0.6* | .641 |
| <3.5 mg/dl | 132 (28.2) | 444 (23.2) | .002 | 18 (16.8) | 69 (9.8) | <.001 | 114 (31.5) | 375 (30.9) | .769 |
| ≥3.5 mg/dl | 277 (59.1) | 1295 (67.6) | 68 (63.6) | 574 (81.7) | 209 (57.7) | 721 (59.4) | |||
| Unknown | 60 (12.8) | 177 (9.2) | 21 (19.6) | 60 (8.5) | 39 (10.8) | 117 (9.7) | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 122 (26.0) | 453 (23.6) | .282 | 33 (30.8) | 133 (18.9) | <.001 | 89 (31.5) | 320 (26.4) | .494 |
| HgA1c (mg/dL) * | 6.7 ± 1.6* | 6.6 ± 1.6* | .632 | 6.8 ± 1.2* | 6.5 ± 1.3* | .203 | 6.6 ± 1.8* | 6.7 ± 1.8* | .819 |
| ≤6.5 (mg/dL) | 74 (15.8) | 287 (14.9) | .438 | 20 (18.7) | 120 (17.1) | .03 | 54 (14.9) | 167 (13.8) | .852 |
| >6.5 (mg/dL) | 48 (10.2) | 164 (8.6) | 19 (17.8) | 68 (9.7) | 29 (8.0) | 96 (7.9) | |||
| Unknown | 347 (74.0) | 1465 (76.5) | 68 (63.6) | 515 (73.3) | 279 (77.1) | 950 (78.3) | |||
| BMI (kg/m 2 ) * | 33.2 ± 7.7* | 33.0 ± 8.0* | .652 | 32.2 ± 6.0* | 32.2 ± 7.5* | .988 | 33.6 ± 8.1* | 33.6 ± 8.3* | .991 |
| ≤40 (kg/m2) | 386 (82.3) | 1621 (84.6) | .221 | 92 (86.0) | 632 (89.9) | .220 | 294 (81.2) | 989 (81.5) | .891 |
| >40 (kg/m2) | 83 (17.7) | 295 (15.4) | 15 (14.0) | 71 (10.1) | 68 (18.8) | 224 (18.5) | |||
| Prior SSI | 52 (11.1) | 144 (7.5) | .012 | 3 (2.8) | 1 (0.1) | <.001 | 49 (13.5) | 143 (11.8) | .373 |
| Prior abdominal surgery | 379 (80.8) | 1276 (66.6) | <.001 | 18 (16.8) | 71 (10.1) | .038 | 361 (99.7) | 1205 (99.3) | .396 |
| Concomitant procedures | 117 (24.9) | 293 (15.3) | <.001 | 29 (27.1) | 97 (13.8) | <.01 | 88 (24.3) | 196 (16.2) | <.001 |
| Emergent repair | 84 (17.9) | 225 (11.7) | <.001 | 22 (20.6) | 89 (12.7) | .027 | 62 (17.1) | 136 (11.2) | <.001 |
| Surgical approach | |||||||||
| Laparoscopic | 94 (20.0) | 516 (26.9) | <.001 | 23 (21.5) | 143 (20.3) | .449 | 71 (19.6) | 373 (30.8) | <.001 |
| Open | 369 (78.7) | 1372 (71.6) | 81 (75.7) | 551 (78.4) | 288 (79.6) | 821 (67.7) | |||
| Converted to open | 6 (1.3) | 28 (1.5) | 3 (2.8) | 9 (1.3) | 3 (0.8) | 19 (1.6) | |||
| Wound class ≥ 3 | 66 (14.1) | 142 (7.4) | <.001 | 10 (9.3) | 26 (3.4) | <.001 | 56 (15.5) | 116 (9.6) | <.001 |
| Elevation of skin flaps | 189 (40.3) | 548 (28.6) | <.001 | 26 (24.3) | 101 (14.4) | <.001 | 163 (45.0) | 447 (36.9) | <.001 |
| Fascial release | 88 (18.8) | 268 (14.0) | <.001 | 4 (3.7) | 19 (2.7) | .548 | 84 (23.2) | 249 (20.5) | .274 |
| Mesh | 326 (69.5) | 1381 (72.1) | .269 | 47 (43.9) | 367 (52.2) | .110 | 279 (77.1) | 1014 (83.6) | <.001 |
| Mesh location | |||||||||
| Underlay1 | 250 (53.3) | 1,014 (52.9) | .350 | 36 (33.6) | 263 (37.4) | .356 | 215 (59.4) | 750 (61.8) | .082 |
| Sublay2 | 28 (6.0) | 164 (8.6) | 7 (6.5) | 70 (9.9) | 21 (5.8) | 95 (7.8) | |||
| Inlay3 | 6 (1.3) | 26 (1.4) | 1 (0.9) | 9 (1.3) | 5 (1.4) | 17 (1.4) | |||
| Onlay4 | 13 (2.8) | 43 (2.2) | 3 (2.8) | 11(1.6) | 10 (2.8) | 35 (2.9) | |||
| Operative duration * | 154.7 ± 103.8* | 124.0 ± 110.7* | <.001 | 109.6 ± 88.7* | 82.0 (60.3)* | <.001 | 166.7 ± 104.4* | 147.4 ± 124.6* | .010 |
*
Mean ± SD
⋄
Others include mainly Hispanic, Black, Asian (single digit), and Indian patients, along with other races.
Abbreviations: AE = Adverse events; ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System; BMI = body-mass index; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; SD=standard deviation