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. 2025 Jan 8;15:1289. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-84803-4

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© The Author(s) 2025

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Fig. 4 — Effects of fulvic acid applied as a foliar spray (FFA, 0.5 L/A) and through the rooting medium irrigation (IFA, 300 L/A) on MDA content of maize cultivars P3939 (A) and 30Y87 (B) under chromium stress. Values represent mean ± standard error (SE), with lowercase letters indicating significant differences among treatments. -FFA indicates no fulvic acid application (control). + FFA represents foliar application of fulvic acid, sprayed on leaves. IFA refers to fulvic acid application through irrigation, delivered via the rooting medium.