Figure 1.

A global phylogenetic regionalization of butterfly species (n = 10 372 species). (a) Map showing the 19 major butterfly regions around the world, defined by phylogenetic similarity. White lines represent divisions between regions (80% of variation in phylogenetic dissimilarity explained), while black lines represent deeper divisions between realms (65% of variation explained). (b) Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plot showing relationships between regions (numbered circles) and realms (dotted outlines). (c) Regions coloured by evolutionary distinctiveness (ED). A region is darker if the mean value of phylogenetic beta diversity between it and all other regions is greater. Numbered regions: 1) North American, 2) Eurasian, 3) Tibetan, 4) Japanese, 5) Afrotropical, 6) Mesoamerican, 7) Maghrebi, 8) Hengduan–Himalayan, 9) Chinese, 10) Indian, 11) Caribbean, 12) Malesian, 13) Amazonian, 14) Papuasian, 15) Pampeo-Andean, 16) Australian, 17) Madagascan, 18) Valdivian and 19) Novozelandic. Maps are Mollweide projections.