Figure 3.

Effect sizes from spatially explicit hierarchical generalized linear models of whether a 100 km × 100 km grid cell was in contact with (a) any border between butterfly phyloregions, (b) deep boundaries between realms or (c) shallow regional boundaries within realms. Terrain ruggedness index (TRI) represents the mean absolute difference in elevation between each cell and eight adjacent cells; climate heterogeneity represents the coefficient of variation between each cell and eight adjacent cells. Bars indicate effect sizes (Fisher’s z); error bars represent 95% confidence intervals of z. Asterisks represent effect sizes significantly different from zero; 0 < p < 0.001: ***; 0.001 < p < 0.01: **; 0.01 < p < 0.05: *.