Figure 4.

The likely effects of a typical European country increasing land sharing or organic production (re-drawn from Binner et al. [118]). This would probably increase the abundance of farmland species (woodpigeon icon) because of using fewer fertilizers and pesticides and reinstating some small habitat features (white circles), but would have little impact on domestic habitat specialists associated with large habitat blocks (woodpecker icon, white square). However, yields and hence food output (cereal icon) would fall. Forgone domestic production would then necessarily be met by increased production overseas, causing damage to habitats and specialist species overseas (anteater and tree icons). Note that the offshore impact of food imported into richer countries is typically far greater, on a per tonne basis, than that of domestic production (see text).