Figure 5.

UP) The crystal violet assay (A) was used to measure biofilm formation on rGO, rGOAg, and GAAP after incubating S. aureus for 120 h. The biofilm inhibition activity of rGO, rGOAg, and GAAP against S. aureus was assessed in a concentration (B)‐ and time (C)‐dependent manner. Fluorescence microscopy images (D) displayed the formation of S. aureus biofilms upon interaction with rGO, rGOAg, and GAAP at different time intervals (24, 72, and 120 h); the scale bar was 2 µm. Live cells were shown in green‐fluorescent color, while dead cells with compromised cell membranes were depicted in red fluorescent color. (DOWN) A schematic representation (A) illustrated the antibiofouling activity of GAAP in an ex vivo rat skin infection model. Digital images (B) showed uninfected control skin (first panel), S. aureus infected skin after 4 h (second panel), S. aureus infected skin after 24 h (biofilm formation), and biofilm inhibition (fourth panel) and disruption (last panel) by GAAP. The bacterial count (C) was measured using the agar plate dilution method before and after a single‐dose treatment with GAAP (10 µg mL⁻¹). Quantitative measurement (D) of the bacterial count before and after GAAP treatment was provided. SEM images (E) and histological analysis (F) were included for the uninfected control (first panel), skin tissue after 4 h of infection (second panel), skin tissue after 24 h of infection (biofilm formation), and GAAP‐treated skin tissue after 4 h of infection (biofilm inhibition, fourth panel) and 24 h of infection (biofilm disruption, last panel). Reproduced (adapted) with permission.^{[ 320 ]} Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society.