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. 2025 Jan 9;15:1432. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-83634-7

Table 3.

Coupon scale properties of pGFRP and Balau wood cross-arm74,75.

Properties pGFRP Balau-wood
Density

2580 kg/m3 – E-glass

1350 kg/m3 – Unsaturated polyester

850–1155 kg/m3
Texture Fine, homogenously and unidirectional fibre along the matrix Fine and even with deeply interlocked grain
Shrinkage Low High
Natural Durability Low Very High
Modulus of Elasticity 29.8 GPa 20.1 GPa
Modulus of Rupture 858.0 MPa 142.0 MPa