Figure 1.

H&E staining for histopathological analysis of benign and PCa biopsy samples. (a) Representative images of the tissue architecture of control; benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); and BPH plus prostatitis (BPH/prostatitis) samples. Black arrows indicate areas with increased epithelial growth and enlarged nuclei restricted to the basal layer, while red arrows highlight regions with significant inflammatory infiltrates. (b) Representative images of prostate tissue architecture in the stratification of low- and high-Gleason-grade PCa. Key tissue structures are shown in both panels,, including the acinar lumen (1), luminal cells (2), stroma (3), and cellular organization (4), are labeled for clarity. Scale bars represent 200 and 50 μm.