Table 1.

Amplification and overexpression of MYCN in human cancers.

Cancer type	Amplification or overexpression
Neuroblastomas	20% of all neuroblastomas and 40% of high-risk neuroblastomas.186
Rhabdomyosarcoma	Half of the rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cell lines had MYCN expression.187 MYCN amplification was detected in 3/7 (42.9%) alveolar RMS samples but in none of the embryonal RMS samples.188 Twenty-three (20.4%) of 113 RMS samples showed high-level MYCN copy number changes; by subtyping, 12 (25%) of 48 alveolar RMS cases and nine (16%) of 58 embryonal RMS cases showed high-level MYCN copy number changes.189
Medulloblastoma	MYCN amplification was detected in three Sonic Hedgehog medulloblastomas.190 MYCN amplification was observed in only 4/77 (5.2%) tumors.191
Wilms tumor	MYCN was detected in patient samples by comparative genomic hybridization.192MYCN gains were detected in 12.7% of Wilms tumors and 30.4% of diffuse anaplastic Wilms tumors.82
Retinoblastoma	There was positive MYCN staining for 10/149 (6.7%) tumors.193
Hepatoblastoma	MYCN was detected in the aggressive C2 subtype.194
Glioblastoma	MYCN was detected in 40% of tumor samples.195
Prostate cancer	MYCN was present in 40% of neuroendocrine prostate cancers.93
Hematologic malignancies	MYCN was noted in pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.196
Lung cancer	Six of 31 independently derived human small-cell lung cancer cell lines had 5- to 170-fold amplification of N-myc gene sequences.197
Pancreatic cancer	Three out of nine human pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors expressed MYCN.198