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. 2025 Jan 10;23(1):e9204. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9204

Avian influenza overview September–December 2024

European Food Safety Authority, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control✉; European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Leonidas Alexakis, Hubert Buczkowski, Mariette Ducatez, Alice Fusaro, Jose L Gonzales, Thijs Kuiken, Karl Ståhl, Christoph Staubach, Olov Svartström, Calogero Terregino, Katriina Willgert, Miguel Melo, Lisa Kohnle
PMCID: PMC11719707  PMID: 39802641

Abstract

Between 21 September and 6 December 2024, 657 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) and A(H5N5) virus detections were reported in domestic (341) and wild (316) birds across 27 countries in Europe. Many HPAI outbreaks in domestic birds were clustered in areas with high poultry density and characterised by secondary farm‐to‐farm spread. Waterfowl, particularly the mute swan, were primarily affected during this reporting period, with HPAI virus detections focused on south‐eastern Europe. Notably, A(H5N5) viruses expanded their geographic and host range, resulting in a surge in detections and mortality events described in gulls and crows. No new HPAI virus detections in mammals were reported in Europe during this reporting period, but the number of dairy cattle farms reportedly affected in the United States of America (USA) rose to >800 in 16 States, and HPAI virus was identified in two pigs in a mixed‐species farm. Between 21 September and 11 December 2024, 56 new human cases with avian influenza virus infection were reported from North America (45 A(H5N1) cases), Viet Nam (one A(H5)) and China (ten A(H9N2) cases). Most of the A(H5) human cases in North America (95.6%, n = 43/45) had reported exposure to poultry, live poultry markets, or dairy cattle prior to avian influenza virus detection or onset of illness. Human infections with avian influenza viruses remain rare and no evidence of human‐to‐human transmission has been documented in the reporting period. The risk of infection with currently circulating avian A(H5) influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe remains low for the general public in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA). The risk of infection remains low‐to‐moderate for those occupationally or otherwise exposed to infected animals or contaminated environments.

Keywords: avian influenza, captive birds, HPAI, humans, monitoring, poultry, wild birds

Suggested citation: EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), EURL (European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza) , Alexakis L, Buczkowski H, Ducatez M, Fusaro A, Gonzales JL, Kuiken T, Ståhl K, Staubach C, Svartström O, Terregino C, Willgert K, Melo M and Kohnle L, 2025. Scientific report: Avian influenza overview September–December 2024. EFSA Journal 2025;23(1):9204, 64 pp. 10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9204

Requestor: European Commission

Question number: EFSA‐Q‐2024‐00176 and Commission request 280 to ECDC (SANTE.B.2/IK/mo (2023)2182203)

Acknowledgements: In addition to the listed authors, EFSA, ECDC and the EURL wish to thank the Member State representatives who provided epidemiological data on avian influenza outbreaks or shared sequence data: Andrea Höflechner‐Pöltl, Sandra Revilla‐Fernández, Janna Vogelgesang and Irene Zimpernik (Austria); Ingeborg Mertens, Mieke Steensels and Steven Van Borm (Belgium); Emiliya Ivanova (Bulgaria); Zaklin Acinger, Ivana Lohman, Ljupka Maltar, Tihana Miškić, Vladimir Savic and Lucija Stupar (Croatia); Vasiliki Christodoulou, Giorgos Krasias and Christodoulos Pipis (Cyprus); Petr Kučínský, Tomáš Jarosil, Alexander Nagy, Tereza Pechova, Hynek Siksta and Luděk Závada (Czechia); Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager and Yuan Liang (Denmark); Tuija Gadd, Lauri Kareinen, Ari Kauppinen and Niina Tammiranta (Finland); François‐Xavier Briand, Béatrice Grasland, Éric Niquex, Gilles Salvat, Audrey Schmitz, Andrea Jimenez‐ Pellicer, Olivier Debaere, Karen Bucher and Angéla Srour (France); Anja Globig, Timm Harder, Anne Pohlmann, Carola Sauter‐Louis and Christoph Staubach (Germany); Sokratis Perdikaris (Greece); Bálint Ádám, Malik Peter and Georgina Helyes (Hungary); Brigitte Brugger, Audur Arnthorsdottir and Vilhjálmur Svansson (Iceland); Laura Garza Cuartero (Ireland); Lara Cavicchio, Isabella Monne, Angela Salomoni, Enrico Savegnago and Calogero Terregino (Italy); Vicky Binck and Chantal Snoeck (Luxembourg); Oxana Groza (Moldova); Marcel Spierenburg, Geert Eleveld, Dennis Bol, Arco Van der Spek, Armnin Elbersand and Evelien Germeraad (Netherlands); Britt Gjerset, Silje Granstad and Lars‐Erik Lundblad Rondestveit (Norway); Aleksandra Podrażka, Joanna Hankiewicz, Krzysztof Śmietanka, Anna Pikula, Paweł Meyer, Katarzyna Wawrzak, Jakub Kubacki, Katarzyna Domańska‐Blicharz, Krzysztof Śmietanka and Edyta Swieton (Poland); Teresa Fagulha and Margarida Henriques (Portugal); Ioana Neghirla, Theodora Chesnoiu, Iuliana Onita and Radu Petrescu (Romania); Dejan Vidanivic (Serbia); Zuzana Dirbakova, Barbora Pavlíková, Pavol Fric and Martin Tinak (Slovakia); Montserrat Agüero García and Azucena Sánchez (Spain); Malin Grant and Siamak Zohari (Sweden); Claudia Bachofen and Arlette Szelecsenyi (Switzerland). The authors also wish to thank Ron Fouchier from Erasmus Medical Center (Netherlands); Ashley Banyard from the Animal and Plant Health Agency (United Kingdom); Camille Delavenne from EpiMundi for conducting the data analysis under the contract OC/EFSA/ALPHA/2021/02; the authors, originating and submitting laboratories of the sequences from GISAID's EpiFlu™ Database, which is used for this assessment (Annex C); Julio Álvarez and Jan Arend Stegeman from EFSA's Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW); Erik Alm, Angeliki Melidou and Edoardo Colzani from ECDC, as well as Inma Aznar, Elisabeth Dottolo, Kamela Kryemadhi, Barbara Lanfranchi and Stefania Tampach from EFSA for the support provided to this scientific output.

Declarations of interest: If you wish to access the declaration of interests of any expert contributing to an EFSA scientific assessment, please contact interestmanagement@efsa.europa.eu

Maps disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material on any maps included in this scientific output do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Food Safety Authority concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The declarations of interest of all scientific experts active in EFSA's work are available at https://open.efsa.europa.eu/experts

This article was originally published on the EFSA website on 18 December 2024 as part of EFSA’s urgent publication procedures.

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