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. 2025 Jan 2;26(1):341. doi: 10.3390/ijms26010341

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© 2025 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) The mRNA expression of Forkhead box protein o1 (Foxo1). (B) The mRNA expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). (C) The mRNA expression of osmotic response element-binding protein (OREBP). (D) The activity of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). (E) The activity of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione reductase (GR). (F) The content of reactive oxygen species (ROS). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 vs. LV-control group; ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01 and ^### p < 0.001 vs. hypoxia-LV-control group. NS, not significant.

(A) The mRNA expression of Forkhead box protein o1 (Foxo1). (B) The mRNA expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). (C) The mRNA expression of osmotic response element-binding protein (OREBP). (D) The activity of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). (E) The activity of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione reductase (GR). (F) The content of reactive oxygen species (ROS). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 vs. LV-control group; ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01 and ^### p < 0.001 vs. hypoxia-LV-control group. NS, not significant.