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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
(a) SN1 mechanism in acidic conditions. (b) SN2 mechanism in basic conditions. (c) SN2 mechanism by dual activation in neutral conditions. (d) Stereoselective conversion of the anomeric hydroxyl.