Table 1.
Diagnostic performance of KED on ECG in the Chinese population
| Type | AUC | Sensitivity | Specificity | LR+ | LR− |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFIB | |||||
| ZS | 0.978 (0.968–0.986) | 0.885 (0.841–0.939) | 0.980 (0.973–0.985) | 45.549 (32.270–61.087) | 0.117 (0.078–0.164) |
| FT | 0.982 (0.975–0.990) | 0.871 (0.817–0.939) | 0.981 (0.976–0.990) | 49.476 (35.239–79.826) | 0.132 (0.078–0.192) |
| IAVB | |||||
| ZS | 0.779 (0.744–0.811) | 0.480 (0.237–0.667) | 0.892 (0.800–0.981) | 6.033 (3.246–12.573) | 0.575 (0.418–0.778) |
| FT | 0.902 (0.868–0.925) | 0.685 (0.580–0.804) | 0.965 (0.941–0.982) | 21.626 (13.068–36.315) | 0.326 (0.208–0.471) |
| LBBB | |||||
| ZS | 0.972 (0.947–0.996) | 0.904 (0.829–0.973) | 0.994 (0.990–0.998) | 175.582 (90.567–420.424) | 0.097 (0.029–0.178) |
| FT | 0.981 (0.965–0.995) | 0.880 (0.765–0.970) | 0.994 (0.991–0.997) | 157.255 (97.059–295.699) | 0.121 (0.031–0.252) |
| RBBB | |||||
| ZS | 0.908 (0.880–0.925) | 0.722 (0.663–0.790) | 0.960 (0.928–0.980) | 20.303 (10.931–33.915) | 0.289 (0.223–0.378) |
| FT | 0.928 (0.905–0.942) | 0.807 (0.672–0.870) | 0.941 (0.916–0.970) | 15.582 (9.874–26.217) | 0.204 (0.140–0.339) |
| APC | |||||
| ZS | 0.916 (0.887–0.944) | 0.740 (0.636–0.831) | 0.955 (0.930–0.977) | 17.991 (10.757–27.834) | 0.272 (0.184–0.378) |
| FT | 0.909 (0.880–0.936) | 0.625 (0.489–0.728) | 0.974 (0.954–0.986) | 26.739 (14.429–36.589) | 0.384 (0.289–0.518) |
| VPC | |||||
| ZS | 0.871 (0.848–0.900) | 0.627 (0.218–0.918) | 0.898 (0.791–0.999) | 23.964 (4.204–201.050) | 0.399 (0.109–0.783) |
| FT | 0.887 (0.848–0.921) | 0.720 (0.581–0.816) | 0.918 (0.870–0.965) | 9.572 (6.016–16.764) | 0.304 (0.212–0.443) |
| STD∗ | |||||
| ZS∗ | 0.731 (0.688–0.765)∗ | 0.562 (0.177–0.932)∗ | 0.753 (0.431–0.996)∗ | 3.944 (1.603–22.155)∗ | 0.539 (0.179–0.905)∗ |
| FT∗ | 0.772 (0.733–0.795)∗ | 0.762 (0.651–0.908)∗ | 0.691 (0.510–0.800)∗ | 2.547 (1.888–3.323)∗ | 0.338 (0.180–0.478)∗ |
| STE | |||||
| ZS | 0.879 (0.817–0.940) | 0.511 (0.276–0.750) | 0.965 (0.926–0.997) | 24.097 (9.111–91.494) | 0.504 (0.269–0.726) |
| FT | 0.921 (0.887–0.960) | 0.561 (0.414–0.731) | 0.984 (0.970–0.993) | 39.628 (20.667–77.314) | 0.446 (0.292–0.593) |
| Avg.Seen | |||||
| ZS | 0.900 | 0.695 | 0.949 | 44.788 | 0.322 |
| FT | 0.930 | 0.736 | 0.983 | 45.697 | 0.274 |
| Avg.Total | |||||
| ZS | 0.879 | 0.679 | 0.925 | 39.683 | 0.349 |
| FT | 0.910 | 0.739 | 0.931 | 40.303 | 0.282 |
| AFL | |||||
| ZS | 0.926 (0.911–0.938) | 0.582 (0.378–0.923) | 0.940 (0.839–0.988) | 15.977 (5.537–31.35) | 0.434 (0.094–0.699) |
| FT | 0.930 (0.916–0.943) | 0.537 (0.296–0.846) | 0.956 (0.873–0.993) | 25.474 (6.625–56.136) | 0.477 (0.172–0.709) |
| AFIB | |||||
| ZS | 0.994 (0.992–0.996) | 0.949 (0.903–0.976) | 0.975 (0.963–0.987) | 41.788 (26.596–67.717) | 0.052 (0.024–0.102) |
| FT | 0.993 (0.991–0.996) | 0.948 (0.912–0.977) | 0.975 (0.964–0.984) | 39.944 (26.923–58.933) | 0.053 (0.024–0.104) |
| AT∗ | |||||
| ZS∗ | 0.811 (0.716–0.877)∗ | 0.237 (0.071–0.818)∗ | 0.965 (0.704–1.000)∗ | 3.093 (0.000–28.354)∗ | 0.771 (0.261–0.929)∗ |
| FT∗ | 0.839 (0.758–0.900)∗ | 0.319 (0.071–0.789)∗ | 0.959 (0.864–1.000)∗ | 65.040 (0.000–224.286)∗ | 0.696 (0.242–0.930)∗ |
| SA | |||||
| ZS | 0.926 (0.879–0.959) | 0.506 (0.354–0.679) | 0.983 (0.960–0.997) | 44.371 (15.999–108.800) | 0.501 (0.334–0.648) |
| FT | 0.927 (0.903–0.946) | 0.554 (0.436–0.686) | 0.975 (0.965–0.988) | 26.501 (17.921–39.385) | 0.456 (0.325–0.618) |
| SB | |||||
| ZS | 0.998 (0.995–0.999) | 0.993 (0.982–1.000) | 0.992 (0.988–0.996) | 143.348 (79.881–251.231) | 0.008 (0.000–0.018) |
| FT | 0.998 (0.997–0.999) | 0.992 (0.985–0.998) | 0.991 (0.986–0.997) | 146.050 (69.556–321.786) | 0.008 (0.002–0.018) |
| ST | |||||
| ZS | 0.981 (0.973–0.990) | 0.932 (0.896–0.966) | 0.979 (0.970–0.988) | 47.319 (31.154–73.534) | 0.070 (0.036–0.106) |
| FT | 0.986 (0.982–0.992) | 0.941 (0.893–0.977) | 0.974 (0.965–0.987) | 38.151 (27.725–69.475) | 0.061 (0.024–0.110) |
| SR | |||||
| ZS | 0.993 (0.989–0.997) | 0.944 (0.915–0.967) | 0.990 (0.984–0.995) | 102.637 (58.966–181.136) | 0.057 (0.033–0.086) |
| FT | 0.992 (0.987–0.996) | 0.945 (0.914–0.975) | 0.992 (0.985–0.997) | 147.406 (64.688–301.602) | 0.056 (0.025–0.087) |
| SVT∗ | |||||
| ZS∗ | 0.928 (0.900–0.941)∗ | 0.726 (0.519–0.924)∗ | 0.911 (0.833–0.971)∗ | 12.269 (5.035–20.139)∗ | 0.293 (0.091–0.557)∗ |
| FT∗ | 0.944 (0.926–0.954)∗ | 0.765 (0.512–0.926)∗ | 0.932 (0.889–0.980)∗ | 13.684 (7.850–27.870)∗ | 0.248 (0.083–0.499)∗ |
| Avg. | |||||
| ZS | 0.945 | 0.733 | 0.967 | 51.350 | 0.273 |
| FT | 0.951 | 0.750 | 0.969 | 62.781 | 0.257 |
The upper section is the CPSC2018 dataset, and the lower section is the Chapman dataset. “ZS” denotes zero-shot, “FT” represents few-shot fine-tune, and the bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are provided in parentheses. Definitions for the remaining abbreviations can be found in Table S8. Asterisks indicate the unseen and super-sub classes. See also Table S1.