Antimicrobial activity of PBB: Subfigure 1 shows the halo of inhibition against (A) E. coli, (B) S. aureus, and (C) B. subtilis; subfigure 2 shows the activity of PBB used at different concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/mL) by cell counting test colonies after 4 h of incubation. This was tested against the Gram-negative bacteria E. coli and P. aeruginosa, and against the Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and B. subtilis. The y-axis represents the percentage of bacterial survival. Each test was performed in three independent experiments, and the standard deviation was less than 5%.