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. 2024 Dec 31;17(1):154. doi: 10.3390/nu17010154

Table 1.

Demographic characteristics by change in household income after tax from baseline to follow-up (Income increase vs. no change vs. income decrease) among matched survey participants, United States, 2018–2019.

Change in Household Income from Baseline to Follow Up
Characteristic Income Decrease
N = 85
No Change
N = 141
Income Increase
N = 82
Age, mean (SD) 51.9 (13.2) 54.2 (13.6) 50.1 (13.9)
Education Level at Baseline, n (%)
Less than High School 21 (24.7) 30 (21.3) 16 (19.5)
High School or Some College 51 (60.0) 91 (64.5) 46 (56.1)
College Graduate (4 years) or More 13 (15.3) 20 (14.2) 20 (24.4)
Race, n (%)
Non-Hispanic White 26 (30.6) 64 (45.4) 27 (32.9)
Non-Hispanic Non-White 32 (37.7) 39 (27.7) 28 (34.2)
Hispanic 27 (31.8) 38 (27.0) 27 (32.9)
Marital Status at Baseline, n (%)
Single or Never Married 30 (35.3) 50 (35.5) 31 (37.8)
Separated/Divorced or Widowed 35 (41.2) 56 (39.7) 25 (30.5)
Married or Living with Partner 20 (23.5) 35 (24.8) 26 (31.7)
Occupation Status at Baseline, n (%)
Working full time (≥35 h/week) 14 (16.5) 10 (7.1) 21 (25.6)
Working part time (<35 h/week) 21 (24.7) 21 (14.9) 19 (23.2)
Not Working ** 50 (58.8) 110 (78.0) 42 (51.2)
Sex, n (%)
Female 59 (69.4) 103 (73.1) 64 (78.1)
Male 26 (30.6) 38 (27.0) 18 (22.0)
Household Size at Baseline, n (%)
0 to 1 member 19 (22.4) 59 (41.8) 15 (18.3)
2 members 24 (28.2) 33 (23.4) 19 (23.2)
More than 2 members 42 (49.4) 49 (34.8) 48 (58.5)
Kids (<18 years) in Household (Yes) 40 (47.1) 43 (30.5) 46 (56.1)
Seniors in Household (Yes) 26 (30.6) 44 (31.2) 22 (26.8)
SNAP Assistance Use in Past 30 Days 46 (54.1) 87 (61.7) 45 (54.9)
WIC Assistance Use in Past 30 Days 8 (9.41) 6 (4.3) 8 (9.8)
Food Pantry Use in Past 30 Days 75 (88.2) 131 (92.9) 71 (86.6)
Any Economic Hardship (Yes) 48 (56.5) 84 (59.6) 54 (65.9)

** “Not Working” occupation status at baseline includes the following occupation categories: unemployed, disabled, retired, homemaker, and other.

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