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. 2025 Jan 10;6(1):e244874. doi: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2024.4874

Table. Estimated Steering of Claims for Top 100 Specialty and Nonspecialty Molecules to Insurer-Pharmacy Benefit Manager–Owned Pharmacies in 2021.

Pharmacy Share, median (IQR), % Pair-wise difference, percentage points
Index firm’s insurer claims filled by its owned pharmacies Other firm’s insurer claims filled by the index firm’s owned pharmacies Median (IQR) Mean (95% CI)
Specialty drugs
CVS 24.7 (17.7-40.4) 12.2 (9.0-15.9) 12.8 (5.2-26.3) 16.8 (13.9-19.7)
UHG 19.7 (4.9-31.4) 2.1 (0.6-4.4) 9.4 (3.6-27.6) 16.0 (12.8-19.1)
Cigna 25.4 (4.9-44.6) 1.7 (0.2-3.3) 23.2 (4.7-40.5) 24.0 (20.0-27.9)
Humana 16.6 (5.8-36.9) 0.1 (0.0-0.4) 16.6 (5.7-36.3) 22.5 (18.2-26.7)
All firms 21.1 (6.7-37.7) 1.7 (0.2-8.5) 14.9 (4.7-31.4) 19.8 (18.0-21.6)
Nonspecialty drugs
CVS 30.4 (26.4-34.4) 15.7 (14.9-17.4) 13.7 (11.1-17.0) 13.8 (12.8-14.9)
UHG 11.8 (6.3-17.3) 0.4 (0.3-0.7) 11.3 (4.4-16.6) 11.0 (9.7-12.4)
Cigna 15.4 (5.7-21.0) 0.4 (0.2-0.6) 15.0 (5.6-20.5) 14.1 (12.4-15.8)
Humana 17.7 (9.0-24.4) 0 (0.0-0.0) 17.7 (9.0-24.3) 16.8 (14.9-18.6)
All firms 18.1 (8.8-26.6) 0.4 (0.0-8.8) 14.0 (7.4-19.4) 13.9 (13.1-14.7)

Abbreviation: UHG, UnitedHealth Group.