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. 2025 Jan 11;15:1688. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-85935-x

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© The Author(s) 2025

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Fig. 7 — Illustration of TPMS lattice structures as cold plates for battery cooling. (a) Illustration of TPMS cold plates as inter-cell cooling channels in a lithium-ion battery pack. (b) Cross-sectional view showing thermal gradient and a bulging effect due to expansion at the center of the battery cell.